First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing: survey design and methods for the allergen and endotoxin components.
Open accessAbstract
From July 1998 to August 1999, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences conducted the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The purpose of the survey was to assess children's potential household exposure to lead, allergens, and bacterial endotoxins. We surveyed a sample of 831 homes, representing 96 million permanently occupied, noninstitutional housing units that permit resident children. We administered questionnaires to household members, made home observations, and took environmental samples. This article provides general background information on the survey, an overview of the survey design, and a description of the data collection and laboratory methods pertaining to the allergen and endotoxin components. We collected dust samples from a bed, the bedroom floor, a sofa or chair, the living room floor, the kitchen floor, and a basement floor and analyzed them for cockroach allergen Bla g 1, the dust mite allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1, the cat allergen Fel d 1, the dog allergen Can f 1, the rodent allergens Rat n 1 and mouse urinary protein, allergens of the fungus Alternaria alternata, and endotoxin. This article provides the essential context for subsequent reports that will describe the prevalence of allergens and endotoxin in U.S. households, their distribution by various housing characteristics, and their associations with allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis.
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Fel d 1 is widespread and occurs at high levels indoors.
“Fel d 1 is especially pervasive and found in high concentrations in indoor environments (24, 25).”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The survey description identifies Fel d 1 as an indoor allergen measured in household dust. The Conclusion says that subsequent reports will describe allergen prevalence and distribution; this methods paper does not report that Fel d 1 is widespread or occurs at high concentrations. Searches for Fel d 1 prevalence, levels, and concentrations found no such result in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma
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- Authors
- Vojta, P. J., Friedman, W., Marker, D. A., Clickner, R., Rogers, J. W., Viet, S. M., Muilenberg, M. L., Thorne, P. S., Arbes, S. J., & Zeldin, D. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2002-05-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 527-532
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1240843
- OpenAlex
- W2079632231
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 5721 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iowa Research Online (The University of Iowa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- indoor allergens, lead exposure, bacterial endotoxin, house dust, Alternaria alternata, children's environmental exposure, housing characteristics, survey design
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Asthma, Child, Child Welfare, Endotoxins, Environmental Exposure, Health Surveys, Housing, Humans, Lead, Research Design
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