The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
Open accessAbstract
Biomarkers are desirable for quantitating human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and for predicting potential health risks for exposed individuals. A number of biomarkers of ETS have been proposed. At present cotinine, measured in blood, saliva, or urine, appears to be the most specific and the most sensitive biomarker. In nonsmokers with significant exposure to ETS, cotinine levels in the body are derived primarily from tobacco smoke, can be measured with extremely high sensitivity, and reflect exposure to a variety of types of cigarettes independent of machine-determined yield. Under conditions of sustained exposure to ETS (i.e., over hours or days), cotinine levels reflect exposure to other components of ETS. Supporting the validity of cotinine as a biomarker, cotinine levels have been positively correlated to the risks of some ETS-related health complications in children who are not cigarette smokers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cotinine as a Biomarker of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Benowitz, N. L. (1996) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017925 · Cited by 1,024
Self-citationMetabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method
Benowitz, N. L., & Jacob, P. (1994) · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.169 · Cited by 508
Self-citationEstablishing a Nicotine Threshold for Addiction -- The Implications for Tobacco Regulation
Benowitz, N. L., & Henningfield, J. E. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199407143310212 · Cited by 466
Self-citationSmokers of Low-Yield Cigarettes Do Not Consume Less Nicotine
Benowttz, N. L., Hall, S. M., Herning, R. I., Jacob, P., Jones, R. T., & Osman, A.-L. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198307213090303 · Cited by 443
Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders
(1993) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2.1.71 · Cited by 356
Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and self reported exposure to passive smoking.
Jarvis, M., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Feyerabend, C., Vesey, C., & Salloojee, Y. (1984) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.38.4.335 · Cited by 324
Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders: (556522012-001)
Bayard, S. P., Jinot, J., Leaderer, B. P., Brown, K. G., Martinez, F. D., Simonsen, N. R., & Wells, A. J. (1992) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e556522012-001 · Cited by 314
Jarvis, M. J., Russell, M. A., Benowitz, N. L., & Feyerabend, C. (1988) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.78.6.696 · Cited by 311
Self-citationNicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers
Benowitz, N. L., & Jacob III, P. (1993) · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.27 · Cited by 232
Self-citationA review of the use of saliva cotinine as a marker of tobacco smoke exposure
Etzel, R. A. (1990) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(90)90020-k · Cited by 226
Cited by
Accelerated Metabolism of Nicotine and Cotinine in Pregnant Smokers
Dempsey, D., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2002) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.301.2.594 · Cited by 452
Self-citationMaternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: a review
Wakschlag, L. S., Pickett, K. E., Cook, E., Benowitz, N. L., & Leventhal, B. L. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.6.966 · Cited by 371
Self-citationEndocrine disruptors and human health--is there a problem? An update.
Safe, S. H. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108487 · Cited by 351
Self-reported nicotine exposure and plasma levels of cotinine in early and late pregnancy
GEORGE, L., GRANATH, F., JOHANSSON, A. L. V., & CNATTINGIUS, S. (2006) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340600935433 · Cited by 192
Kvalvik, L. G., Nilsen, R. M., Skjærven, R., Vollset, S. E., Midttun, Ø., Ueland, P. M., & Haug, K. (2012) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2012.36 · Cited by 114
Metadata
- Authors
- Benowitz, N. L.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- suppl 2
- Pages
- 349-355
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2020466267
- Cited by
- 408
- References
- 38
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1289/ehp.99107s2349
- The paper
- Benowitz, N. L. (1999). Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s2349
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.