Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Low Lipid Content Microalgae into Bio-Crude Oil
Abstract
Microalgae have attracted significant attention in biofuel research over recent years because of their rapid photosynthetic growth rates and the high lipid content achieved with certain species and culturing conditions. Most past research has focused on high-lipid algal species and increasing the lipid content in order to extract these lipids for conventional transesterification to biodiesel. High-lipid algae and the associated culturing conditions have often resulted in lower biomass productivities, thus limiting the potential yield of algae-based biofuel. An alternative approach is to culture fast-growing low-lipid algae and then convert the resulting biomass into bio-crude oil through a hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process. This article presents results for producing bio-crude oil via HTL conversion of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a common fast-growing green microalgae species with low lipid content. The products of the HTL conversion generally self-separate into three phases: a gaseous product, an aqueous phase product, and bio-crude oil product. For the purpose of this study, a toluene-soluble fraction of the raw oil product was defined as refined oil. The natural phase-separation of HTL products is highly advantageous for algal biofuel production because it minimizes energy input for dewatering. To help optimize the HTL process, the effects of key operating parameters (initial pressure, reaction temperature, and reaction time) on the oil product yields were investigated. The experimental results indicate that reaction temperature and reaction time can greatly affect the refined oil yield. The initial pressure provided by nitrogen had little effect on oil yield. The highest refined oil yield was 39.4% 1.2% of the total dry mass of algal feedstock, which was achieved at 280C reaction temperature with 120 min reaction time.
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The first publications from University of Illinois were in 2011 and the maximum annual production was in 2014 with nine contributions.
“The first publications were in 2011 [15, 74] and the maximum annual production was in 2014 with nine contributions.”
From Research Progress, Trends, and Future Prospects on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for Biocrude Production: A Bibliometric Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
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Dias, M. E. S., de Oliveira, G. H. D., Couto, P. T., Dussan, K. J., Zaiat, M., Ribeiro, R., Stablein, M. J., Watson, J., Zhang, Y., & Tommaso, G. (2021) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106030 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationPrestigiacomo, C., Scialdone, O., & Galia, A. (2022) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105689 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tang, Y., Rosenberg, J. N., Bohutskyi, P., Yu, G., Betenbaugh, M. J., & Wang, F. (2015) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.11.1.tang · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Biller and Ross (2011) noted that strains with higher lipid content achieved higher conversion efficiency, while other research indicates that high bio-oil yield can also be obtained from microalgae with low lipid content (Ross et al. 2010; Yu et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHydrothermal Disintegration and Extraction of Different Microalgae Species
Kröger, M., Klemm, M., & Nelles, M. (2018) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en11020450 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Use of Co-Solvents in Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Microalgae
Han, Y., Hoekman, S. K., Jena, U., et al. (2019) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13010124 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Zhang’s group investigated the effects of HTL processing parameters on the batch treatment of Chlorella pyrenoidosa [14,28].”
BackgroundProduction of platform chemical and bio-fuel from paper mill sludge via hydrothermal liquefaction
Zhang, L., Li, W., Lu, J., Li, R., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105032 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid microalgae to produce bio-crude oil
Yu, G. (2012) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“HTL of organic waste leads to the generation of four products: gases, bio-crude oil, bio-char and the aqueous phase [13].”
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Resource requirements for the large-scale production of algal biofuels
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- Authors
- Yu, G., Zhang, Y., Schideman, L., Funk, T. L., & Wang, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 239-246
- ISSN
- 2151-0032 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-0040
- OpenAlex
- W2064339781
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transactions of the ASABE (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Keywords
- hydrothermal liquefaction, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, bio-crude oil, algal biofuels, phase separation, reaction temperature, reaction time (chemistry), initial pressure, oil yield, nitrogen pressure
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