Vitamin K Treatment Reduces Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin but Does Not Alter Bone Turnover, Density, or Geometry in Healthy Postmenopausal North American Women
Open accessAbstract
Low vitamin K status is associated with low BMD and increased fracture risk. Additionally, a specific menaquinone, menatetrenone (MK4), may reduce fracture risk. However, whether vitamin K plays a role in the skeletal health of North American women remains unclear. Moreover, various K vitamers (e.g., phylloquinone and MK4) may have differing skeletal effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of phylloquinone or MK4 treatment on markers of skeletal turnover and BMD in nonosteoporotic, postmenopausal, North American women. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 381 postmenopausal women received phylloquinone (1 mg daily), MK4 (45 mg daily), or placebo for 12 mo. All participants received daily calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSALP) and n-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTX) were measured at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo. Lumbar spine and proximal femur BMD and proximal femur geometry were measured by DXA at baseline and 6 and 12 mo. At baseline, the three treatment groups did not differ in demographics or study endpoints. Compliance with calcium, phylloquinone, and MK4 treatment was 93%, 93%, and 87%, respectively. Phylloquinone and MK4 treatment reduced serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin but did not alter BSALP or NTX. No effect of phylloquinone or MK4 on lumbar spine or proximal femur BMD or proximal femur geometric parameters was observed. This study does not support a role for vitamin K supplementation in osteoporosis prevention among healthy, postmenopausal, North American women receiving calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
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Vitamin K deficiency is associated with increased risk of fragility fractures, particularly in malnourished patients.
“Its deficiency has been associated with increased risk of fragility fractures452–455, particularly in patients who are malnourished456,457.”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [456]
The Introduction and Discussion report associations between low vitamin K status and increased hip fracture risk. But the Discussion (p. 989) does not establish a stronger association specifically in malnourished patients; it suggests that general undernutrition or frailty, rather than vitamin K inadequacy itself, may explain the observed fracture risk. The study did not evaluate fractures as an endpoint. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn eight cases, affected trial reports contributed to the rationale for undertaking further RCTs.
“In eight cases,58–65 affected trial reports contributed to the rationale for undertaking further RCTs.”
From An investigation into the impact and implications of published papers from retracted research: systematic search of affected literature (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
The Subjects and study design section identifies this paper as a randomized trial report, and the Discussion says randomized trials are needed to clarify vitamin K’s role in bone health. But our copy does not establish that this report contributed to the rationale for any subsequent RCT; that part of the citing sentence cannot be verified from this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Binkley, N., Harke, J., Krueger, D., Engelke, J., Vallarta-Ast, N., Gemar, D., Checovich, M., Chappell, R., & Suttie, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Binkley, Neil
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 983-991
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- PMC
- PMC2683650
- OpenAlex
- W2040235605
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 11.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eisai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058363)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin K supplementation, vitamin K1, menatetrenone, vitamin K2, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, bone geometry, postmenopausal women, osteoporosis prevention, fracture risk, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, calcium and vitamin D supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Alkaline Phosphatase, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Vitamin K 1, Placebos, Vitamin K, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Osteocalcin, Bone Remodeling, Postmenopause, Vitamin K 2
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