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Cited by 289

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Deeply penetrating in vivo photoacoustic imaging using a clinical ultrasound array system

Open access
Kim, Chulhong, Erpelding, Todd N., Jankovic, Ladislav, Pashley, Michael D., Wang, Lihong V.·2010·Biomedical Optics Express

Abstract

Using a hand-held photoacoustic probe integrated with a clinical ultrasound array system, we successfully imaged objects deeply positioned in biological tissues. The optical contrasts were enhanced by methylene blue with a concentration of ~30 mM. The penetration depth reached ~5.2 cm in chicken breast tissue by using 650-nm wavelength, which is ~4.7 times the 1/e optical penetration depth. This imaging depth was achieved using a laser fluence on the tissue surface of only 3 mJ/cm(2), which is 1/7 of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety limit (20 mJ/cm(2)). The noise equivalent sensitivity at this depth was ~11 mM. Further, after intradermal injection of methylene blue in a rat, a sentinel lymph node was easily detected in vivo, beneath a 2-cm thick layer of chicken breast. Also, blood located 3.5 cm deep in the rat was clearly imaged with intrinsic contrast. We have photoacoustically guided insertion of a needle into a rat sentinel lymph node with accumulated methylene blue. These results highlight the clinical potential of photoacoustic image-guided identification and needle biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes for axillary staging in breast cancer patients.

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Metadata

Authors
Kim, C., Erpelding, T. N., Jankovic, L., Pashley, M. D., & Wang, L. V.
Venue
Biomedical Optics Express
Published
2010-07-26
Volume
1
Issue
1
Pages
278
ISSN
2156-7085 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1990189624
Cited by
289
References
14
FWCI
10.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Deeply penetrating in vivo photoacoustic imaging using a clinical ultrasound array system. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1364/boe.1.000278
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Kim, C., Erpelding, T. N., Jankovic, L., Pashley, M. D., & Wang, L. V. (2010). Deeply penetrating in vivo photoacoustic imaging using a clinical ultrasound array system. Biomedical Optics Express. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.1.000278

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