Open-source do-it-yourself multi-color fluorescence smartphone microscopy
Open accessAbstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an important technique for cellular and microbiological investigations. Translating this technique onto a smartphone can enable particularly powerful applications such as on-site analysis, on-demand monitoring, and point-of-care diagnostics. Current fluorescence smartphone microscope setups require precise illumination and imaging alignment which altogether limit its broad adoption. We report a multi-color fluorescence smartphone microscope with a single contact lens-like add-on lens and slide-launched total-internal-reflection guided illumination for three common tasks in investigative fluorescence microscopy: autofluorescence, fluorescent stains, and immunofluorescence. The open-source, simple and cost-effective design has the potential for do-it-yourself fluorescence smartphone microscopy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other contact lens-based optical sensors have involved the use of photonic crystal materials in combination with responsive hydrogels or fluorescent dyes for measuring glucose and other target analytes in tears.
“Other contact lens-based optical sensors have involved the use of photonic crystal materials in combination with responsive hydrogels or fluorescent dyes for measuring glucose and other target analytes in tears110-113.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
The use of mobile devices and smartphone-based microscopes, including algorithm-based applications, is expected to facilitate the readout of the response in optical wearable biosensors.
“Furthermore, the use of mobile devices and smartphone-based microscopes, including algorithm-based applications, is expected to facilitate the readout of the response in optical wearable biosensors112,113,195.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
Cites
The Fluorescent Toolbox for Assessing Protein Location and Function
Giepmans, B. N. G., Adams, S., Ellisman, M. H., & Tsien, R. Y. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1124618 · Cited by 2,782 · see citing works
Lichtman, J. W., & Conchello, J.-A. (2005) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth817 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
Adam, R. D. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.3.447-475.2001 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Designing surfaces that kill bacteria on contact
Tiller, J. C., Liao, C.-J., Lewis, K., & Klibanov, A. M. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111143098 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Miniaturized integration of a fluorescence microscope
Ghosh, K. K., Burns, L. D., Cocker, E. D., Nimmerjahn, A., Ziv, Y., Gamal, A. E., & Schnitzer, M. J. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1694 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Boulos, L., Prévost, M., Barbeau, B., Coallier, J., & Desjardins, R. (1999) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(99)00048-2 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Different intermediate-sized filaments distinguished by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Osborn, M., & Weber, K. (1978) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.5034 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Mobile Phone Based Clinical Microscopy for Global Health Applications
Breslauer, D. N., Maamari, R. N., Switz, N. A., Lam, W. A., & Fletcher, D. A. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006320 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Point-of-care colorimetric detection with a smartphone
Shen, L., Hagen, J. A., & Papautsky, I. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40741h · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Bacterial Contamination of the Hands of Hospital Staff During Routine Patient Care
Pittet, D., Dharan, S., Touveneau, S., Sauvan, V., & Perneger, T. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.8.821 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Glasgow, H. B., Burkholder, J. M., Reed, R. E., Lewitus, A. J., & Kleinman, J. E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.02.022 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Fluorescent Imaging of Single Nanoparticles and Viruses on a Smart Phone
Wei, Q., Qi, H., Luo, W., Tseng, D. K., Ki, S. J., Wan, Z., Göröcs, Z. S., Bentolila, L. A., Wu, T.-T., Sun, R. X., et al. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn4037706 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Current status and future potential of computer-aided diagnosis in medical imaging
Doi, K. (2005) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr/82933343 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Methods for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: An Overview
Mandal, P. K., Biswas, A. K., Choi, K., & Pal, U. K. (2011) · American Journal of Food Technology · doi:10.3923/ajft.2011.87.102 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Cost-effective and compact wide-field fluorescent imaging on a cell-phone
Zhu, H., Yaglidere, O., Su, T., Tseng, D. K., & Özcan, A. (2010) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c0lc00358a · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Yuste, R. (2005) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth1205-902 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Pavlova, I., Williams, M. D., El‐Naggar, A. K., Richards-Kortum, R. R., & Gillenwater, A. M. (2008) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1609 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Advances in Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Xu, X., Akay, A. R., Wei, H., Wang, S., Pingguan‐Murphy, B., Erlandsson, B.-E., Li, X., Lee, W. G., Hu, J., Wang, L., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2378776 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Koydemir, H. C., Göröcs, Z. S., Tseng, D. K., Cortazar, B., Feng, S. W., Chan, R. Y. L., Burbano, J., McLeod, E. J., & Özcan, A. (2014) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c4lc01358a · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Ploem, J. S. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mapping atmospheric aerosols with a citizen science network of smartphone spectropolarimeters
Snik, F., Rietjens, J. H. H., Apituley, A., Volten, H., Mijling, B., Noia, A. D., Heikamp, S., Heinsbroek, R. C., Hasekamp, O., Smit, J. M., et al. (2014) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2014gl061462 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rapid diagnosis of malaria by fluorescence microscopy with light microscope and interference filter
Kawamoto, F. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92159-y · Cited by 122 · see citing works
DiGiorgio, C. L., Gonzalez, D. A., & Huitt, C. C. (2002) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.68.12.5952-5955.2002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sung, Y.-L., Jeang, J., Lee, C.-H., & Shih, W. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.047005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationPortable, Battery-Operated, Low-Cost, Bright Field and Fluorescence Microscope
Miller, A. R., Davis, G. L., Oden, Z. M., Razavi, M. R., Fateh, A., Ghazanfari, M., Abdolrahimi, F., Dizaji, S. P., Sakhaie, F., Olsen, R. J., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011890 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Multi-Contrast Imaging and Digital Refocusing on a Mobile Microscope with a Domed LED Array
Phillips, Z. F., D’Ambrosio, M. V., Tian, L., Rulison, J. J., Patel, H. S., Sadras, N., Gande, A. V., Switz, N. A., Fletcher, D. A., & Waller, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124938 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Structure and physiology of euglena spirogyra. III?VI
Leedale, G. F., Meeuse, B. J. D., & Pringsheim, E. G. (1965) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00409124 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Temmerman, P.-J. D., Verleysen, E., Lammertyn, J., & Mast, J. (2014) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.040 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Smartphone As a Platform for Wearable Cameras in Health Research
Gurrin, C. G., Qiu, Z., Hughes, M. M., Caprani, N., Doherty, A., Hodges, S. E., & Smeaton, A. F. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Automated batch characterization of inkjet-printed elastomer lenses using a LEGO platform
Sung, Y.-L., Garan, J., Nguyen, H. K., Hu, Z., & Shih, W. (2017) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.56.007346 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationShih, W., & Sung, Y. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5313643 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring
Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de Ávila, B. E.-F., & Wang, J. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y · Cited by 3,373 · see citing works
Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Bioimaging, Biosensing, and Therapy
Chung, S., Revia, R. A., & Zhang, M. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201904362 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring
Chen, S., Qi, J., Fan, S., Qiao, Z., Yeo, J. C., & Lim, C. T. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100116 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Sivakumar, R., & Lee, N. Y. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130096 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Colour compound lenses for a portable fluorescence microscope
Dai, B., Jiao, Z., Zheng, L., Bachman, H., Fu, Y., Wan, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Han, X., Zhao, C., et al. (2019) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-019-0187-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
cellSTORM—Cost-effective super-resolution on a cellphone using dSTORM
Diederich, B., Then, P., Jügler, A., Förster, R., & Heintzmann, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209827 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kao, Y., Kamiński, T. S., Postek, W., Guzowski, J., Makuch, K., Ruszczak, A., von Stetten, F., Zengerle, R., & Garstecki, P. (2019) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c9lc00684b · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Advances in Optical Detection of Human-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria
Locke, A. K., Fitzgerald, S. T., & Mahadevan-Jansen, A. M. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25225256 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sensing Biomarkers with Plasmonics
Cathcart, N., & Chen, J. I. L. (2020) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00711 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Rollins, A. M., Levenson, R. M., Fereidouni, F., & Jenkins, M. W. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01860-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Moving toward smart biomedical sensing
Naghdi, T., Ardalan, S., Adib, Z. A., Sharifi, A. R., & Golmohammadi, H. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.115009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nanostructured wearable electrochemical and biosensor towards healthcare management: a review
Khaleque, M. A., Hossain, M. I., Ali, M. R., Bacchu, M. S., Aly, M. A. S., & Khan, M. Z. H. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ra03440b · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Smartphone Nanocolorimetry for On-Demand Lead Detection and Quantitation in Drinking Water
Nguyen, H. K., Sung, Y., O’Shaughnessy, K., Shan, X., & Shih, W. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02808 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationA review on low‐cost microscopes for O pen S cience
Salido, J., Bueno, G., Ruiz-Santaquiteria, J., & Cristóbal, G. (2022) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.24200 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zheng, R., Wu, Y., Chu, K., Xu, Q., Sun, M., & Smith, Z. J. (2019) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201800410 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A modular microarray imaging system for highly specific COVID-19 antibody testing
Hedde, P. N., Abram, T. J., Jain, A., Nakajima, R., de Assis, R. R., Pearce, T., Jasinskas, A., Toosky, M., Khan, S., Felgner, P. L., et al. (2020) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d0lc00547a · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spin Angular Momentum Controlled Multifunctional All‐Dielectric Metasurface Doublet
Yu, L., Fan, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, W., Song, Q., & Xiao, S. (2020) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.201900324 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Printable Device for Measuring Clarity and Colour in Lake and Nearshore Waters
Brewin, R. J. W., Brewin, T. G., Phillips, J., Rose, S., Anas, A., Wimmer, W., Sathyendranath, S., & Platt, T. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19040936 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Point-of-care applications of smartphone-based microscopy
Ayardulabi, R., Khamespanah, E., Abbasinia, S., & Ehtesabi, H. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2021.113048 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
SERS-based quantification of albuminuria in the normal-to-mildly increased range
Ştefancu, A., Moisoiu, V., Bocşa, C., Bálint, Z., Cosma, D., Vereșiu, I. A., Chiş, V., Leopold, N., & Elec, F. I. (2018) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c8an01072b · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sensitive visualization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with CoronaFISH
Rensen, E., Pietropaoli, S., Mueller, F., Weber, C., Souquère, S., Sommer, S., Isnard, P., Rabant, M., Gibier, J., Terzi, F., et al. (2022) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202101124 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Schaefer, M. A., Nelson, H. N., Butrum, J. L., Gronseth, J. R., & Hines, J. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29182-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rabha, D., SARMAH, A., & Nath, P. (2019) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/jmi.12829 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Liu, X., Li, Y., Fromm, J., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Mariakakis, A. T., & Patel, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3448104 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sami, M. A., Tayyab, M., Parikh, P., Govindaraju, H., & Hassan, U. (2021) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d0an02451a · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Smartphone Sensors for Citizen Science Applications: Radioactivity and Magnetism
Odenwald, S. F. (2019) · Citizen Science Theory and Practice · doi:10.5334/cstp.158 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Controlling the behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster via smartphone optogenetics
Meloni, I., Sachidanandan, D., Thum, A. S., Kittel, R. J., & Murawski, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74448-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Loretan, M., Barella, M., Fuchs, N., Kocabey, S., Kołątaj, K., Stefani, F. D., & Acuna, G. P. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63993-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wide-field multi-modal microscopic imaging using smartphone
Rabha, D., Biswas, S., Chamuah, N., Mandal, M., & Nath, P. (2020) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106343 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Molani, A., Pennati, F., Ravazzani, S., Scarpellini, A., Storti, F. M., Vegetali, G., Paganelli, C., & Aliverti, A. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24206682 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
miniSPIM—A Miniaturized Light-Sheet Microscope
Hedde, P. N. (2021) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c00607 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rabha, D., Rather, M. A., Mandal, M., & Nath, P. (2021) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2021.106931 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
In situ retrieval and correction of aberrations in moldless lenses using Fourier ptychography
Kamal, T., Lu, Y., & Lee, W. M. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.002708 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nguyen, H. K., Misbah, I., & Shih, W. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.2972154 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHattori, M., Shirane, S., Matsuda, T., Nagayama, K., & Nagai, T. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20247166 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Eickelmann, S., Tsouka, A., Heidepriem, J., Paris, G., Zhang, J., Molinari, V., Mende, M., & Loeffler, F. F. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900503 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A comprehensive review on LED-induced fluorescence in diagnostic pathology
Mukunda, D. C., Rodrigues, J., Joshi, V. K., Raghushaker, C. R., & Mahato, K. K. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114230 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kaya, M., Stein, F., Rouwkema, J., Khalil, I. S. M., & Misra, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253222 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nanoscopy on the Chea(i)pPreprint
Diederich, B., Helle, Ø. I., Then, P., Carravilla, P., Schink, K. O., Hornung, F., Deinhardt‐Emmer, S., Eggeling, C., Ahluwalia, B. S., & Heintzmann, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283085 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Huang, B., Kang, L., Tsang, V. T. C., Lo, C. T. K., & Wong, T. T. W. (2024) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.511384 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A commentary on the development and use of smartphone imaging devices
Raju, G., Ranjan, A., Banik, S., Poddar, A., Managuli, V., & Mazumder, N. (2023) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-023-01175-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhu, W., Gong, C., Kulkarni, N., Nguyen, C. D., & Kang, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817044-1.00009-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Biosensors and Biofeedback in Clinical Psychology
Mancuso, V., Stramba-Badiale, C., Cavedoni, S., & Cipresso, P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00002-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mortelmans, T., Kazazis, D., Padeste, C., Berger, P., Li, X., & Ekinci, Y. (2022) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.1c03309 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Frugal filtering optical lenses for point-of-care diagnostics
Long, J., Parker, H. E., Ehrlich, K., Tanner, M. G., Dhaliwal, K., & Mills, B. (2020) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.381014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ultracompact Multimode Meta-Microscope Based on Both Spatial and Guided-Wave Illumination
Ye, X., Sun, J., Jiang, W., Yu, R., Chen, C., Xiao, X., Qian, X., Huang, C., Hu, Y., Zhu, S. N., et al. (2023) · Advanced Devices & Instrumentation · doi:10.34133/adi.0023 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, H., Heintzmann, R., & Diederich, B. (2021) · Advanced Optical Technologies · doi:10.1515/aot-2021-0013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
PAIM (πM): Portable AI-enhanced fluorescence microscope for real-time target detection
Jiao, Z., Zang, Z., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Xiao, D., & Li, D. (2023) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109356 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Honda, H., Miyamoto, N., Miyajima, H., & Tanaka, Y. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00036 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Modeling the surface of fast-cured polymer droplet lenses for precision fabrication
Sung, Y.-L., Garan, J., Hu, Z., Shan, X., & Shih, W. (2018) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.57.010342 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCellulose‐based micro‐fibrous materials imaged with a home‐built smartphone microscope
Aryal, G. M., Aryal, B., Kandel, K. P., & Neupane, B. B. (2021) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.23736 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sami, M. A., Tahir, M. N., & Hassan, U. (2023) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d3an01166f · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development of an Automated, Non-Enzymatic Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
Zimmers, Z. A., Boyd, A. D., Stepp, H. E., Adams, N. M., & Haselton, F. R. (2021) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi12101204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Multi-Mode Compact Microscopy for High-Contrast and High-Resolution Imaging
Kim, K., Hwang, Y., & Park, J. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157399 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SplitSR: An End-to-End Approach to Super-Resolution on Mobile DevicesPreprint
Liu, X., Li, Y., Fromm, J., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Mariakakis, A. T., & Patel, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.07996 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Detecting foodborne pathogens with darkfield hyperspectral microscopy
Fong, A. Y., Shu, G., McDonogh, B., & Park, B. (2020) · doi:10.1117/12.2584913 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synthesis, characterization, and applications of graphene quantum dots
Gomez, A., Gopalakrishnan, D., Echegoyen, L. A., & Sreenivasan, S. T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821996-6.00010-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, J., Chang, H., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Song, Y., & Li, D. (2022) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d2an00375a · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Multiplex sensing of lead and mercury in drinking water using smartphone nano-colorimetry
Nguyen, H. K., & Shih, W. (2019) · Optics in the Life Sciences · doi:10.1364/boda.2019.dw1b.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTahir, M. N., Xie, Y., Sami, M. A., Punde, R., & Hassan, U. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Letters · doi:10.1109/lsens.2024.3371209 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quang, N. K. (2020) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/10.0003020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gu, J., Jian, H., Wei, C. Y., Shiu, J., Ganesan, A. K., Zhao, W., & Hedde, P. N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
3D printed miniature attenuated total internal reflection assisted fluorescence microscopy
Park, D. H., Joo, B. C., Choi, K. R., Seo, Y. H., Yoo, J. H., & Lee, Y. U. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92204-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coverslip-guided total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy for super-resolved bio-imaging
Saxena, A., Bhatt, S. M., Das, S., Hong, M., Tinguely, J., Dubey, S. K., Ahluwalia, B. S., & Mehta, D. S. (2025) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113729 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Miniaturized fiber-coupled microscope with cell-embedded hydrogel for odorant sensing
Jo, B., Koga, T., Mimura, H., Nie, M., & Takeuchi, S. (2026) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2026.139855 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Recent Trends in Computational Optical Phase Imaging
Liu, C., Wang, S., & Veetil, S. P. (2022) · Progress in optical science and photonics · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1641-0_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jiao, Z., Pan, M., Yousaf, K., Doveiko, D., Maclean, M., Griffin, D. R., Chen, Y., & Li, D. (2024) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/jmi.13334 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smartphone sensing of multiple heavy metal ion contaminants in drinking water
Nguyen, H. K., Misbah, I., & Shih, W. (2020) · Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress · doi:10.1364/es.2020.ew3h.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, B., Kang, L., Tsang, V. T. C., Lo, C. T. K., & Wong, T. T. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smartphone light sheet fluorescence microscopy for molecular diagnostics
Nguyen, H. K., & Shih, W. (2019) · Optics in the Life Sciences · doi:10.1364/boda.2019.dt1b.6
Self-citationSmartphone microscopy and nanocolorimetry
Shih, W. (2019) · Optics in the Life Sciences · doi:10.1364/boda.2019.dw1b.1
Self-citationJiao, Z., Pan, M., Yousaf, K., Doveiko, D., Maclean, M., Griffin, D. R., Chen, Y., & Li, D. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4566177
Enhancing Biomarker Detection and Imaging Performance of Smartphone Fluorescence Microscopy Devices
Sami, M. A., Tahir, M. N., & Hassan, U. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15070403
Closing Editorial: Advancements in Optical Measurement Devices and Technologies
Kumar, R., & Norgia, M. (2026) · Metrology · doi:10.3390/metrology6010014
Rodriguez, V. C., & Sadoine, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43814-1.00011-5
- Authors
- Sung, Y., Campa, F., & Shih, W.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- Venue
- Biomedical Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2017-10-19
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5075
- ISSN
- 2156-7085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5695954
- OpenAlex
- W2765240465
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biomedical Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1643391)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced optical system design
- Keywords
- smartphone microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, open-source instrumentation, point-of-care testing, immunofluorescence, autofluorescence, fluorescent stains, low-cost microscope
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
