Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest mortality globally, but recent advances in wearable technologies may potentially change how these illnesses are diagnosed and managed. In particular, continuous monitoring of cardiovascular vital signs for early intervention is highly desired. To this end, flexible wearable sensors that can be comfortably worn over long durations are gaining significant attention. In this review, advanced flexible wearable sensors for monitoring cardiovascular vital signals are outlined and discussed. Specifically, the functional materials, configurations, mechanisms, and recent advances of these flexible sensors for heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and blood glucose monitoring are highlighted. Different mechanisms in bioelectric, mechano‐electric, optoelectric, and ultrasonic wearable sensors are presented to monitor cardiovascular vital signs from different body locations. Present challenges, possible strategies, and future directions of these wearable sensors are also discussed. With rapid development, these flexible wearable sensors will potentially be applicable for both medical diagnosis and daily healthcare use in tackling cardiovascular diseases.
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By examining an individual's activity level, sleep patterns, and heart rate, AI algorithms can forecast the likelihood of heart attacks or strokes.
“For instance, by examining an individual’s activity level, sleep patterns, and heart rate, AI algorithms can forecast the likelihood of heart attacks or strokes, empowering healthcare providers to take proactive measures [8,20].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
AI-based ECG monitors can provide more reliable and accurate data, even during dynamic movements.
“Therefore, AI-based ECG monitors can provide more reliable and accurate data, even during dynamic movements [8].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
Multimodal sensing, combining ECG data with other physiological and environmental parameters, such as EOG, EMG, temperature, strain, humidity, and bacterial infection, facilitated a comprehensive health profile.
“Additionally, multimodal sensing, combining ECG data with other physiological and environmental parameters, such as EOG, EMG, temperature, strain, humidity, and bacterial infection, facilitated a comprehensive health profile [8,181,237] (Figure 7c).”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
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Inflammation-free and gas-permeable on-skin triboelectric nanogenerator using soluble nanofibers
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The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review
Shajari, S., Kuruvinashetti, K., Komeili, A., & Sundararaj, U. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23239498 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Flexible Plasmonic Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring: Progress and Prospects
Song, L., Chen, J., Xu, B. B., & Huang, Y. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c07176 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A Review of Conductive Hydrogel‐Based Wearable Temperature Sensors
Mo, F., Zhou, P., Lin, S., Zhong, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401503 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Sun, W., Guo, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Y., Lan, W., Liao, Y., Wu, X., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22207784 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Shi, C., Zhang, H., Ni, X., & Wang, K. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3311052 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, S., Qi, J., Fan, S., Qiao, Z., Yeo, J. C., & Lim, C. T.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
- Corresponding author
- Yeo, Joo Chuan
- Lim, Chwee Teck
- Venue
- Advanced Healthcare Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- e2100116-e2100116
- ISSN
- 2192-2640 (ISSN-L)
- 2192-2659
- OpenAlex
- W3159231051
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 225
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Healthcare Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- flexible wearable sensors, cardiovascular monitoring, heart rate monitoring, blood pressure monitoring, oxygen saturation, blood glucose monitoring, ultrasonic sensors, cardiovascular disease, continuous vital sign monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Blood Glucose, Monitoring, Physiologic, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Vital Signs
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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