The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The gender gap in science: How long until women are equally represented?
Open accessAbstract
Women comprise a minority of the Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM) workforce. Quantifying the gender gap may identify fields that will not reach parity without intervention, reveal underappreciated biases, and inform benchmarks for gender balance among conference speakers, editors, and hiring committees. Using the PubMed and arXiv databases, we estimated the gender of 36 million authors from >100 countries publishing in >6000 journals, covering most STEMM disciplines over the last 15 years, and made a web app allowing easy access to the data (https://lukeholman.github.io/genderGap/). Despite recent progress, the gender gap appears likely to persist for generations, particularly in surgery, computer science, physics, and maths. The gap is especially large in authorship positions associated with seniority, and prestigious journals have fewer women authors. Additionally, we estimate that men are invited by journals to submit papers at approximately double the rate of women. Wealthy countries, notably Japan, Germany, and Switzerland, had fewer women authors than poorer ones. We conclude that the STEMM gender gap will not close without further reforms in education, mentoring, and academic publishing.
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Cites
Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1211286109 · Cited by 3,150
The History and Meaning of the Journal Impact Factor
Garfield, E. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.90 · Cited by 2,770
Bibliometrics: Global gender disparities in science
Larivière, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/504211a · Cited by 1,493
Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children's interests
Bian, L., Leslie, S.-J., & Cimpian, A. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aah6524 · Cited by 1,206
Constraints into Preferences: Gender, Status, and Emerging Career Aspirations
Correll, S. J. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900106 · Cited by 935
The Role of Gender in Scholarly Authorship
West, J. D., Jacquet, J., King, M. M., Correll, S. J., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066212 · Cited by 892
Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide
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How to Make More Published Research True
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“Someone Like Me can be Successful”: Do College Students Need Same-Gender Role Models?
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Santamaría, L., & Mihaljević, H. (2018) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.156 · Cited by 401
Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions
Llorens, A., Tzovara, A., Bellier, L., Bhaya-Grossman, I., Bidet-Caulet, A., Chang, W. K., Cross, Z. R., Dominguez-Faus, R., Flinker, A., Fonken, Y., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.002 · Cited by 361
Intersectional inequalities in science
Kozlowski, D., Larivière, V., Sugimoto, C. R., & Monroe-White, T. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2113067119 · Cited by 312
Gender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for STEM
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holman, L., Stuart-Fox, D., & Hauser, C. E.
- Venue
- PLOS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-04-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e2004956
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- OpenAlex
- W2800701210
- Cited by
- 769
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 149.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
