The History and Meaning of the Journal Impact Factor
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Citation cartels also refer to journal editors who use inter-journal citations to increase the JIF of their journals.
“Citation cartels (see section 3.3.3) also refer to journal editors who use inter-journal citations to increase the JIF of their journals (Garfield, 2006).”
From Core Elements in the Process of Citing Publications: Conceptual Overview of the Literature (2018) · cites this paper as Garfield, 2006
Cites
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889 · see citing works
Garfield, E. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.178.4060.471 · Cited by 2,788 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Even before the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) appeared, we sampled the 1969 SCI to create the first published ranking by impact factor.(4) Today, the JCR includes every journal citation in more than 5000 journals—about 15 million citations from 1 million source items per year.”
MethodSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for Research Metrics
Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., de Rijcke, S., & Rafols, I. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/520429a · Cited by 2,828 · see citing works
A review of the literature on citation impact indicators
Waltman, L. (2016) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Bibliometrics: methods for studying academic publishing
Ninkov, A., Frank, J. R., & Maggio, L. A. (2021) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-021-00695-4 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Meho, L. I., & Yang, K. (2007) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20677 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Number of Citations: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Tahamtan, I., Safipour Afshar, A., & Ahamdzadeh, K. (2016) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-1889-2 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Bibliometric analysis: The main steps
Passas, I. (2024) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia4020065 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Bibliometrics: Tracking Research Impact by Selecting the Appropriate Metrics
Agarwal, A., Durairajanayagam, D., Tatagari, S., Esteves, S., Harlev, A., Henkel, R., Roychoudhury, S., Homa, S., Puchalt, N., Ramasamy, R., et al. (2016) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.171582 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Hutchins, B. I., Yuan, X., Anderson, J. M., & Santangelo, G. M. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Assessing scientists for hiring, promotion, and tenure
Moher, D., Naudet, F., Cristea, I. A., Miedema, F., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Goodman, S. N. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004089 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Evaluation Practices and Effects of Indicator Use—A Literature Review
Rijcke, S. D., Wouters, P. F., Rushforth, A. D., Franssen, T. P., & Hammarfelt, B. (2016) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvv038 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Wang, Q., & Waltman, L. (2016) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.003 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
A Further Step Forward in Measuring Journals’ Scientific Prestige: The SJR2 Indicator
Guerrero-Bote, V. P., & Moya-Anegón, F. (2012) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2012.07.001 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
What causes a management article to be cited? Article, author or journal?
Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Colbert, A. E., & Rynes, S. L. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.25525577 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Using publication metrics to highlight academic productivity and research impact
Carpenter, C. R., Cone, D. C., & Sarli, C. C. (2014) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12482 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
The rise and rise of citation analysis
Meho, L. I. (2007) · Physics World · doi:10.1088/2058-7058/20/1/33 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics: observing Goodhart's Law in action
Fire, M., & Guestrin, C. (2019) · GigaScience · doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz053 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Bibliometric indicators: opportunities and limits
Belter, C. W. (2015) · Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA · doi:10.3163/1536-5050.103.4.014 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The strain on scientific publishing
Hanson, M. A., Barreiro, P. G., Crosetto, P., & Brockington, D. (2024) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00327 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Differences in impact factor across fields and over time
Althouse, B. M., West, J. D., Bergstrom, C. T., & Bergstrom, T. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20936 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Reale, E., Avramov, D., Canhial, K., Donovan, C., Flecha, R., Holm, P., Larkin, C., Lepori, B., Mosoni-Fried, J., Oliver, E., et al. (2018) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvx025 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Tracking the popularity and outcomes of all bioRxiv preprints
Abdill, R. J., & Blekhman, R. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.45133 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Ravenscroft, J., Liakata, M., Clare, A., & Duma, D. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173152 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Assessing citation networks for dissemination and implementation research frameworks
Skolarus, T. A., Lehmann, T., Tabak, R. G., Harris, J., Lecy, J., & Sales, A. E. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0628-2 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Estimates of the Continuously Publishing Core in the Scientific Workforce
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Boyack, K. W., & Klavans, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101698 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Core Elements in the Process of Citing Publications: Conceptual Overview of the Literature
Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Impact of Author-Selected Keywords on Citation Counts
Uddin, S., & Khan, A. (2016) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2016.10.004 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Concentration of the Most-Cited Papers in the Scientific Literature: Analysis of Journal Ecosystems
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2006) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bornmann, L. (2017) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-016-9995-x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Chambers, L., Michener, C., & Falcone, T. (2019) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15689 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Empirical developments in retraction
Redman, B. K., Yarandi, H. N., & Merz, J. F. (2008) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2007.023069 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Predatory and fake scientific journals/publishers: A global outbreak with rising trend: A review
Lukic, T., Blesic, I., Basarin, B., Ivanovic, B., Milosevic, D., & Sakulski, D. (2014) · Geographica Pannonica · doi:10.5937/geopan1403069l · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Who games metrics and rankings? Institutional niches and journal impact factor inflation
Siler, K., & Larivière, V. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104608 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Weak evidence for determinants of citation frequency in ecological articles
Padial, A. A., Nabout, J. C., Siqueira, T., Bini, L. M., & Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (2010) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-010-0231-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bornmann, L., & Leydesdorff, L. (2017) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2016.12.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Citation-Based Journal Rankings: Key Questions, Metrics, and Data Sources
Walters, W. H. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2761400 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Detecting anomalous citation groups in journal networks
Kojaku, S., Livan, G., & Masuda, N. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93572-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Jamali, H. R., Nicholas, D., Watkinson, A., Herman, E., Tenopir, C., Levine, K., Allard, S., Christian, L., Volentine, R., Boehm, R., et al. (2014) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2014.08.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Altwairgi, A. K., Booth, C. M., Hopman, W. M., & Baetz, T. D. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.41.8319 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lei, L., & Sun, Y. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-019-03338-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Overflow in science and its implications for trust
Siebert, S., Machesky, L. M., & Insall, R. H. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.10825 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Debasing the Currency of Science: The Growing Menace of Predatory Open Access Journals
Beninger, P. G., Beall, J., & Shumway, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Shellfish Research · doi:10.2983/035.035.0101 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ranjan, C. K. (2017) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.03.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Citation Success Index − An Intuitive Pair-Wise Journal Comparison Metric
Milojević, S., Radicchi, F., & Bar-Ilan, J. (2017) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2016.12.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bibliometric Indicators: Why Do We Need More than One?
Setti, G. (2013) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2013.2261115 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Characterisation of academic journals in the digital age
Gu, X., & Blackmore, K. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2219-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ferrer-Sapena, A., Sánchez-Pérez, E. A., Peset, F., González, L.-M., & Aleixandre-Benavent, R. (2016) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvv041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Methodological quality in clinical trials and bibliometric indicators: no evidence of correlations
Akcan, D., Axelsson, S., Bergh, C., Davidson, T., & Rosén, M. (2013) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-013-0949-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Del Fabbro, M., Corbella, S., Tsesis, I., & Taschieri, S. (2015) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.09.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Impact factor penalized by self-citations
Alguliyev, R., Aliguliyev, R., & Ismayilova, N. (2016) · 2016 IEEE 10th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT) · doi:10.1109/icaict.2016.7991801 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garfield, E.
- Corresponding author
- Garfield, Eugene
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-01-04
- Volume
- 295
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2132631086
- Cited by
- 2,770
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 169 · 2016: 164 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 162
- FWCI
- 115.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Publishing and Scholarly Communication
- Keywords
- journal impact factor, bibliometric analysis, journal evaluation, citation analysis
- MeSH terms
- Periodicals as Topic, Bibliometrics, Peer Review, Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review