Development of neural specialization for print: evidence for predictive coding in visual word recognition
Open accessAbstract
How a child's brain develops specialization for print is poorly understood. One longstanding account is selective neuronal tuning to regularity of visual-orthographic features, which predicts a monotonically increased neural activation for inputs with higher regularity during development. However, we observed a robust interaction between a stimulus' orthographic regularity (bottom-up input) and children's lexical classification ability (top-down prediction): N1 response, which is the first negative component of the event-related potential (ERP) occurring at posterior electrodes, was stronger to lower-regularity stimuli, but only in children who were less efficient in lexically classifying these stimuli (high prediction error). In contrast, N1 responses were reduced to lower-regularity stimuli in children who showed high efficiency of lexical classification (low prediction error). The modulation of children's lexical classification efficiency on their neural responses to orthographic stimuli supports the predictive coding account of neural processes of reading.
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Similar results (reduced predictive performance) have been found in children with dyslexia.
“Similar results have been found in previous literature in children with dyslexia (Beach et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2019)”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2019
The Discussion suggests that neural deficits in dyslexia may reflect a lack of predictions from phonological language areas. But the Participants section says dyslexic children were excluded, so this paper did not find reduced predictive performance in children with dyslexia; it offers that explanation as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Zhao, J., Maurer, U., He, S., & Weng, X.
- Affiliations
- Hangzhou Normal University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- South China Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Weng, Xuchu
- Venue
- PLoS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-10-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e3000474
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC6805000
- OpenAlex
- W2979866955
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- new_version (2019-10-22)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771229, 31371134)
- Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY17C090008)
- Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic China (2016YFE0130400, 2018YFC2001600)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual word recognition, predictive coding, orthographic regularity, lexical classification, N1 component, event-related potentials, children's reading development, top-down prediction, prediction error, neural tuning
- MeSH terms
- Child, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Phonetics, Psychoacoustics, Reading, Asian People
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