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Cited by 74Aquaculture disease management and microbiotaParasitic Infections and DiagnosticsProtist diversity and phylogeny

The Genome of Spironucleus salmonicida Highlights a Fish Pathogen Adapted to Fluctuating Environments

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Xu, Feifei, Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon, Einarsson, Elin, Ástvaldsson, Ásgeir, Svärd, Staffan G., Andersson, Jan O.·2014·PLoS Genetics
DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004053PMC PMC3916229
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Abstract

Spironucleus salmonicida causes systemic infections in salmonid fish. It belongs to the group diplomonads, binucleated heterotrophic flagellates adapted to micro-aerobic environments. Recently we identified energy-producing hydrogenosomes in S. salmonicida. Here we present a genome analysis of the fish parasite with a focus on the comparison to the more studied diplomonad Giardia intestinalis. We annotated 8067 protein coding genes in the ∼12.9 Mbp S. salmonicida genome. Unlike G. intestinalis, promoter-like motifs were found upstream of genes which are correlated with gene expression, suggesting a more elaborate transcriptional regulation. S. salmonicida can utilise more carbohydrates as energy sources, has an extended amino acid and sulfur metabolism, and more enzymes involved in scavenging of reactive oxygen species compared to G. intestinalis. Both genomes have large families of cysteine-rich membrane proteins. A cluster analysis indicated large divergence of these families in the two diplomonads. Nevertheless, one of S. salmonicida cysteine-rich proteins was localised to the plasma membrane similar to G. intestinalis variant-surface proteins. We identified S. salmonicida homologs to cyst wall proteins and showed that one of these is functional when expressed in Giardia. This suggests that the fish parasite is transmitted as a cyst between hosts. The extended metabolic repertoire and more extensive gene regulation compared to G. intestinalis suggest that the fish parasite is more adapted to cope with environmental fluctuations. Our genome analyses indicate that S. salmonicida is a well-adapted pathogen that can colonize different sites in the host.

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  • The publication of the S. salmonicida genome and the development of an efficient transfection system have enabled comprehensive molecular studies to be performed.

    “recently, the publication of the Spironucleus salmonicida genome and the development of an efficient transfection system have enabled comprehensive molecular studies to be performed (14, 15).”

    From Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads (2016) · cites this paper as [15]

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  • Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads

    Einarsson, E., Ástvaldsson, Á., Hultenby, K., Andersson, J. O., Svärd, S. G., & Jerlström-Hultqvist, J. (2016) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00032-15 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

    “Nothing is known about the biological role of annexins in Spironucleus, but recently, the publication of the Spironucleus salmonicida genome and the development of an efficient transfection system have enabled comprehensive molecular studies to be performed (14, 15).”
    BackgroundSelf-citation

Authors
Xu, F., Jerlström-Hultqvist, J., Einarsson, E., Ástvaldsson, Á., Svärd, S. G., & Andersson, J. O.
Affiliations
Uppsala University (SE)
Corresponding author
Andersson, Jan O.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS Genetics
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-02-06
Volume
10
Issue
2
Pages
e1004053
ISSN
  • 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
  • 1553-7404
DOI
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004053
PMC
PMC3916229
OpenAlex
W1983101378
Cited by
74
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
FWCI
3.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (2010-899)
  • Vetenskapsrådet
  • Akademiska Sjukhuset
  • Uppsala Universitet
  • Science for Life Laboratory
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Keywords
diplomonads, Giardia lamblia, genome annotation, hydrogenosomes, transcriptional regulation, carbohydrate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, reactive oxygen species scavenging, cyst wall proteins, variant surface proteins, fish pathogens, metabolic adaptation
MeSH terms
Animals, Environment, Fishes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Phylogeny, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Genome, Diplomonadida, Reactive Oxygen Species, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Molecular Sequence Annotation

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