Coverage of cervical cancer screening in 57 countries: low average levels and large inequalities
Open accessAbstract
Emmanuela Gakidou and colleagues find that coverage of cervical cancer screening in developing countries is on average 19% compared to 63% in developed countries.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Current HPV vaccination and cervical screening uptake is very low in most low-income and sub-Saharan African countries.
“This is particularly important since current HPV vaccination and cervical screening uptake is very low in most low-income and sub-Saharan African countries.2, 3, 4, 5”
From Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Abstract reports low cervical screening coverage in developing countries—19% on average—and Our Findings report effective coverage of 1% or less in Ethiopia. These findings support the screening portion, but the paper does not report HPV vaccination uptake or establish that both forms of uptake are very low in most low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 58
- Parkin DM Bray F Ferlay J Pisani P 2005 Global cancer statistics, 2002 CA Cancer J Clin 55 74 108 15761078
- Gustafsson L Ponten J Zack M Adami HO 1997 International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer after introduction of cytological screening Cancer Causes Control 8 755 763 9328198
- Gustafsson L Ponten J Bergstrom R Adami HO 1997 International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer before cytological screening Int J Cancer 71 159 165 9139836
- Breen N Wagener DK Brown ML Davis WW Ballard-Barbash R 2001 Progress in cancer screening over a decade: Results of cancer screening from the 1987, 1992, and 1998 National Health Interview Surveys J Natl Cancer Inst 93 1704 1713 11717331
- Koong SL Yen AM Chen TH 2006 Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nationwide cervical cancer screening in Taiwan J Med Screen 13 Suppl 1 44 47 17227642
- Herbert A Smith JH 2007 Women under 25 should be offered screening BMJ 334 273 17289693 PMC1796696
- Nygard JF Skare GB Thoresen SO 2002 The cervical cancer screening programme in Norway, 1992–2000: Changes in Pap smear coverage and incidence of cervical cancer J Med Screen 9 86 91 12133929
- Peto J Gilham C Fletcher O Matthews FE 2004 The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK Lancet 364 249 256 15262102
- Symonds RP 2001 Is screening for cervical cancer effective Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 13 473 475 11824890
- Farnsworth A Mitchell HS 2003 Prevention of cervical cancer Med J Aust 178 653 654 12797859
- Bermudez A 2005 Can we do the same in the developing world Gynecol Oncol 99 S192 S196 16168466
- Sankaranarayanan R Buldukh AM Rajkumar R 2001 Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries Bull World Health Organ 79 954 962 11693978 PMC2566667
- Bradley J Barone M Mahe C Lewis R Luciani S 2005 Delivering cervical cancer prevention services in low-resource settings Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 S21 S29 15823263
- Denny L 2005 The prevention of cervical cancer in developing countries BJOG 112 1204 1212 16101597
- Pollack AE Tsu VD 2005 Preventing cervical cancer in low-resource settings: Building a case for the possible Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 S1 S3 15823261
- Garner EI 2003 Cervical cancer: Disparities in screening, treatment, and survival Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 242s 247s 12646519
- DeAlba I Ngo-Metzger Q Sweningson JM Hubbell FA 2005 Pap smear use in California: Are we closing the racial/ethnic gap Prev Med 40 747 755 15850875
- McDonald JT Kennedy S 2007 Cervical cancer screening by immigrant and minority women in Canada J Immigr Minor Health 9 323 334 17345152
- Newmann SJ Garner EO 2005 Social inequities along the cervical cancer continuum: A structured review Cancer Causes Control 16 63 70 15750859
- Yabroff KR Lawrence WF King JC Mangan P Washington KS 2005 Geographic disparities in cervical cancer mortality: What are the roles of risk factor prevalence, screening, and use of recommended treatment J Rural Health 21 149 157 15859052
- Hou SI Lessick M 2002 Cervical cancer screening among Chinese women AWHONN Lifelines 6 349 354 12239793
- Castro-Jimenez MA Londono-Cuellar PA Vera-Cala LM 2006 [Use and determinants of Pap smear in a rural Colombian municipality 1998–1999]. [Article in Spanish] Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 8 248 257 17269224
- Kritpetcharat O Suwanrungruang K Sriamporn S Kamsaard S Kritpetcharat P 2003 The coverage of cervical cancer screening in Khon Kaen, northeast Thailand Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 4 103 105 12875621
- Lin HH Chen SH Jeng SY Chen HM 2007 [A project to improve the screening rate of pap smear for cervical cancer]. [Article in Chinese] Hu Li Za Zhi 54 62 69 17340549
- Sriamporn S Khuhaprema T Parkin M 2006 Cervical cancer screening in Thailand: An overview J Med Screen 13 Suppl 1 39 43 17227641
- Winkler J Bingham A Coffey P Handwerker WP 2007 Women's participation in a cervical cancer screening program in northern Peru Health Educ Res 23 10 24 17229778
- Baker D Middleton E 2003 Cervical screening and health inequality in England in the 1990s J Epidemiol Community Health 57 417 423 12775786 PMC1732483
- Coughlin SS King J Richards TB Ekwueme DU 2006 Cervical cancer screening among women in metropolitan areas of the United States by individual-level and area-based measures of socioeconomic status, 2000 to 2002 Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 2154 2159 17119040
- Parikh S Brennan P Boffetta P 2003 Meta-analysis of social inequality and the risk of cervical cancer Int J Cancer 105 687 691 12740919
- Tsu VD Pollack AE 2005 Preventing cervical cancer in low-resource settings: How far have we come and what does the future hold Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 S55 S59 15823268
- Mandelblatt JS Lawrence WF Gaffikin L Limpahayom KK Lumbiganon P 2002 Costs and benefits of different strategies to screen for cervical cancer in less-developed countries J Natl Cancer Inst 94 1469 1483 12359856
- Goldie SJ Kuhn L Denny L Pollack A Wright TC 2001 Policy analysis of cervical cancer screening strategies in low-resource settings: Clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness JAMA 285 3107 3115 11427139
- Goldie SJ 2003 Chapter 15: Public health policy and cost-effectiveness analysis J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31 102 110 12807953
- Miller AB Sankaranarayanan R Bosch FX Sepulveda C 2003 Can screening for cervical cancer be improved, especially in developing countries Int J Cancer 107 337 340 14506730
- Schiffman M Castle PE 2005 The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention N Engl J Med 353 2101 2104 16291978
- Goldie SJ Gaffikin L Goldhaber-Fiebert JD Gordillo-Tobar A Levin C 2005 Cost-effectiveness of cervical-cancer screening in five developing countries N Engl J Med 353 2158 2168 16291985
- Katz IT Wright AA 2006 Preventing cervical cancer in the developing world N Engl J Med 354 1110 16540609
- Steinbrook R 2006 The potential of human papillomavirus vaccines N Engl J Med 354 1109 1112 16540608
- Adams M Jasani B Fiander A 2007 Human papilloma virus (HPV) prophylactic vaccination: Challenges for public health and implications for screening Vaccine 25 3007 3013 17292517
- Brinkman JA Caffrey AS Muderspach LI Roman LD Kast WM 2005 The impact of anti HPV vaccination on cervical cancer incidence and HPV induced cervical lesions: Consequences for clinical management Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 26 129 142 15857016
- Crosbie EJ Kitchener HC 2006 Human papillomavirus in cervical screening and vaccination Clin Sci (Lond) 110 543 552 16597323
- Feeley C 2006 Advances in cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus vaccines J Br Menopause Soc 12 19 23 16513018
- Goldie SJ Kohli M Grima D Weinstein MC Wright TC 2004 Projected clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of a human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine J Natl Cancer Inst 96 604 615 15100338
- Gross G 2007 HPV-vaccination against cervical carcinoma: Will it really work Med Microbiol Immunol 196 121 125 17318575
- Mahdavi A Monk BJ 2005 Vaccines against human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: Promises and challenges Oncologist 10 528 538 16079320
- Monk BJ Mahdavi A 2007 Human papillomavirus vaccine: A new chance to prevent cervical cancer Recent Results Cancer Res 174 81 90 17302188
- Monsonego J 2007 [Prevention of cervical cancer: Screening, progress and perspectives]. [Article in French] Presse Med 36 92 111 17296477
- Raffle AE 1999 How long will screening myths survive Lancet 354 431 432 10437909
- Raffle AE 2007 Human papillomavirus vaccine policy Lancet 369 367 368 17276769
- Roden R Monie A Wu TC 2006 The impact of preventive HPV vaccination Discov Med 6 175 181 17234138
- Roden R Wu TC 2006 How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer Nat Rev Cancer 6 753 763 16990853 PMC3181152
- World Health Organization 2006 Comprehensive cervical cancer control: A guide to essential practice Available: http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/cervical_cancer_gep/index.htm. Accessed 7 May 2008 25642554
- Sankaranarayanan R Esmy PO Rajkumar R Muwonge R Swaminathan R 2007 Effect of visual screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Tamil Nadu, India: A cluster-randomised trial Lancet 370 398 406 17679017
- Goldie SJ Kim JJ Kobus K Goldhaber-Fiebert JD Salomon J O'Shea MKH Bosch FX de Sanjose S Franco EL 2007 Cost-effectiveness of HPV 16, 18 vaccination in Brazil Vaccine 25 6257 6270 17606315
- Matiru R Ryan T 2007 The Global Drug Facility: A unique, holistic and pioneering approach to drug procurement and management Bull World Health Organ 85 348 353 17639218 PMC2636664
- Brisson M Van de Velde N De Wals P Boily MC 2007 The potential cost-effectiveness of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines in Canada Vaccine 25 5399 5408 17561316
- Kulasingam S Connelly L Conway E Hocking JS Myers E 2007 A cost-effectiveness analysis of adding a human papillomavirus vaccine to the Australian National Cervical Cancer Screening Program Sexual Health 4 165 175 17931529
- Chichareon S Herrero R Munoz N Bosch FX Jacobs MV 1998 Risk factors for cervical cancer in Thailand: A case-control study J Natl Cancer Inst 90 50 57 9428783
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brisson, M., Kim, J. J., Canfell, K., Drolet, M., Gingras, G., Burger, E. A., Martin, D., Simms, K. T., Bénard, É., Boily, M.-C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30068-4 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Macroeconomic implications of population ageing and selected policy responses
Bloom, D. E., Chatterji, S., Kowal, P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., McKee, M., Rechel, B., Rosenberg, L., & Smith, J. P. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61464-1 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Allen, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Goldberg, E. M., Hay, S. I., Holmberg, M., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31467-2 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
The IARC Perspective on Cervical Cancer Screening
Bouvard, V., Wentzensen, N., Mackie, A., Berkhof, J., Brotherton, J., Giorgi-Rossi, P., Kupets, R., Smith, R., Arrossi, S., Bendahhou, K., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr2030640 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Lifetime Prevalence of Cervical Cancer Screening in 55 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Lemp, J. M., De Neve, J.-W., Bussmann, H., Chen, S., Manne-Goehler, J., Theilmann, M., Marcus, M.-E., Ebert, C., Probst, C., Tsabedze-Sibanyoni, L., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16244 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Fesenfeld, M., Hutubessy, R., & Jit, M. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.060 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Haguenoer, K., Sengchanh, S., Gaudy-Graffin, C., Boyard, J., Fontenay, R., Marret, H., Goudeau, A., Pigneaux de Laroche, N., Rusch, E., & Giraudeau, B. (2014) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.510 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Attitudes toward HPV vaccination among parents of adolescent girls in Mysore, India
Madhivanan, P., Krupp, K., Yashodha, M. N., Marlow, L., Klausner, J. D., & Reingold, A. L. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.073 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lee, J. T., Huang, Z., Basu, S., & Millett, C. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204355 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Adsul, P., Srinivas, V., Gowda, S., Nayaka, S., Pramathesh, R., Chandrappa, K., Khan, A., Jayakrishna, P., & Madhivanan, P. (2019) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12859 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rehman, A., Srivastava, S., Garg, P., Garg, R., Kurian, K., Shumayla, S., Rathi, S. K., & Mehra, S. (2022) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.12.4307 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Indian Parents Prefer Vaccinating their Daughters against HPV at Older Ages
Madhivanan, P., Srinivas, V., Marlow, L., Mukherjee, S., Narayanappa, D., Mysore, S., Arun, A., & Krupp, K. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.107 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The disease has largely been eliminated in high income countries with prophylactic immunization and secondary prevention (Gakidou et al., 2008; Demarteau et al., 2012).”
Background
- Authors
- Gakidou, E., Nordhagen, S., & Obermeyer, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gakidou, Emmanuela
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2008-06-17
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e132
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC2429949
- OpenAlex
- W2039728969
- Cited by
- 976
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 145 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 66.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- cervical cancer screening, screening coverage, developing countries, developed countries, cancer prevention
- MeSH terms
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Female, Geography, Health Policy, Humans, Mass Screening, Socioeconomic Factors, Age Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review