A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Counseling and Alarm Device on HAART Adherence and Virologic Outcomes
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BACKGROUND: Behavioral interventions that promote adherence to antiretroviral medications may decrease HIV treatment failure. Antiretroviral treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa confront increasing financial constraints to provide comprehensive HIV care, which include adherence interventions. This study compared the impact of counseling and use of an alarm device on adherence and biological outcomes in a resource-limited setting. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A randomized controlled, factorial designed trial was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Antiretroviral-naïve individuals initiating free highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the form of fixed-dose combination pills (d4T, 3TC, and nevirapine) were randomized to one of four arms: counseling (three counseling sessions around HAART initiation), alarm (pocket electronic pill reminder carried for 6 months), counseling plus alarm, and neither counseling nor alarm. Participants were followed for 18 months after HAART initiation. Primary study endpoints included plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 count every 6 months, mortality, and adherence measured by monthly pill count. Between May 2006 and September 2008, 400 individuals were enrolled, 362 initiated HAART, and 310 completed follow-up. Participants who received counseling were 29% less likely to have monthly adherence <80% (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.01; p = 0.055) and 59% less likely to experience viral failure (HIV-1 RNA ≥5,000 copies/ml) (HR 0.41; 95% CI 0.21-0.81; p = 0.01) compared to those who received no counseling. There was no significant impact of using an alarm on poor adherence (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.65-1.32; p = 0.7) or viral failure (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.53-1.84; p = 1.0) compared to those who did not use an alarm. Neither counseling nor alarm was significantly associated with mortality or rate of immune reconstitution. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive early adherence counseling at HAART initiation resulted in sustained, significant impact on adherence and virologic treatment failure during 18-month follow-up, while use of an alarm device had no effect. As antiretroviral treatment clinics expand to meet an increasing demand for HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa, adherence counseling should be implemented to decrease the development of treatment failure and spread of resistant HIV.
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The remaining trial showed no effect of mobile alarm devices on treatment adherence for HIV patients.
“For the seven randomised controlled trials testing effects of SMS communication on various health outcomes had reported positive effects [16, 20, 32, 33, 44–49], while the remaining trial showed no effect of mobile alarm devices on treatment adherence for HIV patients [15].”
From Assessing the feasibility of eHealth and mHealth: a systematic review and analysis of initiatives implemented in Kenya (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
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Ask, Don't Tell — Mobile Phones to Improve HIV Care
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Antiretroviral Therapy for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Call for Equity
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Access to antiretroviral therapy during excess black-water flooding in central Thailand
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Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: supervision or support?
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- Microbicide Formulation Development: Scale-Up, Affordability, and Intellectual Property Issues
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Improving Ambulatory Saliva-Sampling Compliance in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Study
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[Adherence and toxicity to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia].
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Patient perspectives on medication self-management in rural Kenya: a cross-sectional survey
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Implementation and Operational Research
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Discussion and Recommendations
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- Authors
- Chung, M. H., Richardson, B. A., Tapia, K., Benki-Nugent, S., Kiarie, J. N., Simoni, J. M., Overbaugh, J., Attwa, M., & John-Stewart, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Michael H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-03-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1000422
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC3046986
- OpenAlex
- W2160766775
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- University of Washington
- U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U62/CCU024512, U62/CCU024512-04)
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U62/CCU024512)
- U.S. Public Health Service (U62/CCU024512-04)
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington (P30 AI027757)
- National Institute on Aging
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K23AI065222, P30AI027757)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K24HD054314)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Keywords
- medication adherence, HIV, highly active antiretroviral therapy, adherence counseling, virological failure, HIV-1 RNA, CD4 count, immune reconstitution, antiretroviral-naive patients, fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy, resource-limited settings, sub-Saharan Africa, mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Counseling, Drug Combinations, Female, Humans, Kenya, Male, Memory, Patient Compliance, RNA, Viral, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Proportional Hazards Models, Treatment Outcome, Reminder Systems, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Anti-Retroviral Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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