Peer Support and Pager Messaging to Promote Antiretroviral Modifying Therapy in Seattle: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative efficacy of peer support and pager messaging strategies versus usual care to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes among HIV-positive outpatients initiating or switching to a new highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. DESIGN: A 2 3 2 factorial randomized controlled trial of a 3-month intervention with computer-assisted self-interviews and blood draws administered at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. METHODS: HIV-positive patients at a public HIV specialty clinic in Seattle,WA (N = 224) were randomly assigned to peer support, pager messaging, both strategies, or usual care. The main outcomes were adherence according to self-report and electronic drug monitoring, CD4 count, and HIV-1 RNA viral load. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analyses suggested the peer intervention was associated with greater self-reported adherence at immediate postintervention. However, these effects were not maintained at follow-up assessment; nor were there significant differences in biological outcomes. The pager intervention, on the other hand, was not associated with greater adherence but was associated with improved biological outcomes at postintervention that were sustained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses indicate the potential efficacy of peer support and pager messaging to promote antiretroviral adherence and biological outcomes, respectively. More potent strategies still are needed.
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A similar pager dosing reminder program for HIV patients, with added texts, did not significantly improve adherence over a 9-month trial compared with usual care or peer support.
“This intervention, however, failed to produce significant improvements in adherence over the 9-month trial relative to usual care or peer support”
From Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? (2011) · cites this paper as [55]
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Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models
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“Consistent strict adherence remains key to successful viral suppression.(4) However, in both resource-rich and resource-constrained settings, the majority of patients on HAART struggle to maintain optimal levels of adherence.”
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“Any of these factors may explain the inconsistent findings in the literature regarding the efficacy of reminder devices to promote adherence.(12,18) How do we explain the post hoc findings of an association between both peer meeting attendance and pager messaging on clinical outcomes in the absence of improvements in…”
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BackgroundThe role of prospective memory in medication adherence: a review of an emerging literature
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“Future strategies to support MSM in discussing their participation in PrEP studies/implementation programs and their overall pill taking could include peer support interventions.(49) These interventions may include novel technology-based support strategies including SMS support groups,(50) or social media networking g…”
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“Age, median (range), y 43 (20-65) 42 (19-60) Male sex 52 (57) 56 (63) Race Black 80 (88) 73 (82) White 9 (10) 15 (17) Other 2 (2) 1 (1) History of injection drug use 16 (18) 12 (14) Current drug use 21 (23) 27 (30) Hazardous alcohol use 14 (15) 18 (21) Unemployed 73 (85) 69 (78) Yearly income $5000 24 (28) 33 (36) Tre…”
Adherence to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
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“More recent studies using SMS have found some clinical improvement over time (Simoni et al., 2009) and a significant increase in adherence using self-report and other non-clinical measures (Hardy et al., 2011).”
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“Note there is a small number of more rigorously conducted studies showing efficacy for technology-delivered interventions, including significant effects on biomarker outcomes [6,7,14], encouraging further development in these areas.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRecent Advances (2011-2012) in Technology-Delivered Interventions for People Living with HIV
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“Technologies such as text messaging [13, 15, 16], pagers [18], cell phones [12], personal digital assistants (PDAs) [14], videophones [17], the internet [11, 21, 22], and computers [19, 20, 23–25] were commonly utilized.”
Psychosocial interventions enhance HIV medication adherence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Spaan, P., van Luenen, S., Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318755545 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lehavot, K., Huh, D., Walters, K. L., King, K. M., Andrasik, M. P., & Simoni, J. M. (2011) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0314 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology-Based Self-Care Methods of Improving Antiretroviral Adherence: A Systematic Review
Saberi, P., & Johnson, M. O. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027533 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Similarly, participants were randomized in another 2-by-2 factorial design to a peer-support intervention or a pager messaging strategy [50].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBouris, A. M., Jaffe, K., Eavou, R., Liao, C., Kuhns, L. M., Voisin, D. R., & Schneider, J. A. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1954-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Horvath, K. J., Danilenko, G. P., Williams, M. L., Simoni, J., Amico, K., Oakes, J., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2012) · Aids and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0164-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationRisher, K., Kapoor, S., Daramola, A. M., Paz‐Bailey, G., Skarbinski, J., Doyle, K., Shearer, K., Dowdy, D. W., Rosenberg, E. S., Sullivan, P. S., et al. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1687-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mathes, T., Pieper, D., Antoine, S., & Eikermann, M. (2013) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12051 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Simoni, J. M., Chen, W., Huh, D., Fredriksen‐Goldsen, K. I., Pearson, C. R., Zhao, H., Shiu, C. A., Wang, X., & Zhang, F. (2010) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9828-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Research on electronic reminders is more mixed, with one recent study noting no improvement with the use of programmable twoway pagers to alert participants to dosing times [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHuang, D., Sangthong, R., McNeil, E., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Zheng, W., & Yang, X. (2013) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/580974 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Subsequently, a variety of electronic devices, such as pagers [31], disease management assistance system (DMAS) [32], electronic pill-cap [33], and alarms, have been used to regularly remind patients to take their medication [34].”
Use of peers to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a global network meta‐analysis
Kanters, S., Park, J., Chan, K., Ford, N. P., Forrest, J. I., Thorlund, K., Nachega, J. B., & Mills, E. J. (2016) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.19.1.21141 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“[28] SOC 57 24 2003 Self-Report, 100% adherent B 1000 copies/ml at all three follow-up assessments No USA Healthy Treatment naı̈ve and experienced Adults”
Backgroundvan der Kop, M. L., Karanja, S., Thabane, L., Marra, C., Chung, M. H., Gelmon, L., Kimani, J., & Lester, R. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046033 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“[5,6,7,10,11] Research of patient characteristics associated with participant engagement in text-message interventions is limited.”
BackgroundResultCharania, M. R., Marshall, K. J., Lyles, C. M., Crepaz, N., Kay, L. S., Koenig, L. J., Weidle, P. J., & Purcell, D. W. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0594-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“sessions [41, 42, 46], two repetitive dosing interventions, defined as those in which sessions were implemented repeatedly without an explicit end point (both DAART; [40, 44]), and 5 EBIs with both discrete and repetitive dosing components [43, 45, 47, 48] (see Appendix A in supplementary material for detailed descrip…”
InfluentialBassett, I., Coleman, S., Giddy, J., Bogart, L., Chaisson, C. E., Ross, D., Jacobsen, M., Robine, M., Govender, T., Freedberg, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001025 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Service delivery barrier 283 (29) 283 (31) 566 (30)”
Giordano, T. P., Cully, J. A., Amico, K. R., Davila, J. A., Kallen, M. A., Hartman, C. M., Wear, J., Buscher, A. L., & Stanley, M. A. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw322 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Bere, T. C., Nyamayaro, P. C., Magidson, J. F., Chibanda, D., Chingono, A., Munjoma, R., Macpherson, K., Ndhlovu, C. E., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Kidia, K. K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315626783 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Life-Steps has been evaluated in resource-limited global contexts (Simoni et al., 2009, 2013), is potentially sustainable and scalable using a task-shifting approach (CDC, 2015; Papas et al., 2011) and has been used in international clinical trials in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group and the HIV…”
BackgroundMethodde Lima, I. C. V., Galvão, M., Alexandre, H. D. O., Lima, F. E. T., & de Araújo, T. L. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.04.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kekwaletswe, C., & Morojele, N. (2014) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s55547 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dutcher, M., Phicil, S., Goldenkranz, S. B., Rajabiun, S., Franks, J. C., Loscher-Hudson, B. S., & Mabachi, N. M. (2011) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0388 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Other research has stressed the importance of these types of peer support activities 7 as they provide both buffering effects (protecting individuals from responding harmfully to potentially stressful events) and mediating effects (influ-encing an individual’s self-efficacy) that positively impact…”
Simoni, J. M., Beima‐Sofie, K., Amico, K. R., Hosek, S., Johnson, M. O., & Mensch, B. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-02387-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z.-Q., Zhu, Y.-X., Cui, L., & Qu, B. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/14404 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Studies were performed in the United States [50-52, 57, 59, The purpose of the included studies was to improve ART adherence of PLWH. Self-report (10/21) and electronic drug monitoring device (medication event monitoring system cap and EAMD [Wisepill]; 10/21) were the most commonly used methods to…”
InfluentialKnowlton, A. R., Yang, P., Bohnert, A. M., Wissow, L. S., Chander, G., & Arnsten, J. H. (2010) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9749-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Identifying aspects of existing supportive relationships associated with HAART adherence will inform potentially effective, low cost, and sustainable approaches to adherence intervention [3].”
BackgroundWebel, A. R., Phillips, J. C., Rose, C. D., Holzemer, W. L., Chen, W., Tyer‐Viola, L. A., Rivero‐Méndez, M., Nicholas, P. K., Nokes, K. M., Kemppainen, J. K., et al. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-188 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
van der Kop, M. L., Ojakaa, D., Patel, A. R., Thabane, L., Kinagwi, K., Ekström, A., Smillie, K., Karanja, S., Awiti, P., Mills, E., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003155 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Graham, S. M., Micheni, M., Chirro, O., Nzioka, J., Secor, A., Mugo, P. M., Kombo, B. K., van der Elst, E., Operario, D., Amico, K. R., et al. (2020) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02786-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, S.-H., McDonald, S., Kim, S., Foster, C., & Fidler, S. (2015) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0335 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In adult populations, peer support groups have been shown to be an effective intervention to improve adherence to ART 25 and are recommended by the CDC as an evidence-based intervention.”
Operario, D., Smith, C. D., & Kegeles, S. M. (2008) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.4.347 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Boucher, L. M., Liddy, C. E., Mihan, A., & Kendall, C. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02690-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stankievich, E., Foradori, I., Malanca, A., Ivalo, S., & Losso, M. H. (2015) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.18.3.20132 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Arnold, E. M., Swendeman, D. T., Harris, D., Fournier, J., Kozina, L., Abdalian, S., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., & Adolescent Medicine Trials Network CARES Team (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/10791 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Although peer support is a component of many evidence-based interventions, there are mixed findings in the meta-analyses conducted on peer support; some found a significant benefit [57,58] and others found a major benefit [59].”
Enriquez, M., & McKinsey (2011) · HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care · doi:10.2147/hiv.s8993 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Peers as Facilitators of Medication Adherence Interventions
Enriquez, M., & Conn, V. S. (2015) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150131915601794 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Harris, L. T., Lehavot, K., Huh, D., Yard, S. S., Andrasik, M. P., Dunbar, P. J., & Simoni, J. M. (2010) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2010.0050 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationZullig, L. L., Deschodt, M., Liška, J., Bosworth, H. B., & Geest, S. D. (2018) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021348 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shushtari, Z. J., Salimi, Y., Sajjadi, H., & Paykani, T. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03894-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…Tangible and informational support Not specified HIV specific support No • ProblemSolving Model • SelfDetermination Theory • Social Support Theory Simoni et al., 2009(25) HAART intervention A 3-month peer support intervention consisted of two parts: (1) “peer meetings”: six twicemonthly…”
Global Action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination
Stangl, A. L., Grossman, C. I., Sidibé, M., Goosby, E., Grossman, C. I., Stangl, A. L., Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A., Psaros, C., et al. (2013) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.16.3.18934 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Graham, S. M., Micheni, M., Kombo, B. K., van der Elst, E. M., Mugo, P. M., Kivaya, E., Aunon, F. M., Kutner, B. A., Sanders, E. J., & Simoni, J. M. (2015) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000897 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For peer navigator training, we identified material from Project PAL [28,29], a peer support intervention, as a model that could be adapted for the Kenya MSM context.”
MethodSelf-citationMiller, C. W. T., & Himelhoch, S. (2013) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/670525 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, there was no improvement at any point of the intervention in terms of antiretroviral adherence when utilizing a two-way pager system (though there was improvement in biological markers of illness) [27].”
MethodStoner, S. A., Arenella, P. B., & Hendershot, C. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124613 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“[20] found a medium effect size for a pager intervention compared to a peer support intervention (w = .”
Voisin, A. B. D. (2013) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000236 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Such SCs are likely important not only for retention in care, but also for sustained health, risk reduction behavior maintenance and long-term adherence to antiretrovirals (ARVs) [28-30].”
BackgroundCully, J. A., Mignogna, J., Stanley, M. A., Davila, J. A., Wear, J., Amico, K. R., & Giordano, T. P. (2012) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0248 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Patient mentors may bring many qualities that can serve as catalysts for behavioral change for HIV patients not in regular HIV ambulatory care.(14) Patient mentors provide support, HIV-specific knowledge, and knowledge about how to effectively navigate the health care system.”
Chi, S. Y., Rabin, L. A., Aronov, A., Fogel, J., Kapoor, A., & Wang, C. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000964 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“For example, using external prompts and detailed instructions simultaneously (Andrade et al., 2005; Martin-Saez, Deakins, Winson, Watson, & Wilson, 2011; Simoni et al., 2009; Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, & Evans, 2001) may be beneficial, compensating for both executive functioning and memory deficits.”
MethodAntiretroviral Therapy Adherence Support
Amico, K. R., & Orrell, C. (2013) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/1545109712459041 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
King, E. M., Kinvig, K., Steif, J., Qiu, A. Q., Maan, E. J., Albert, A., Pick, N., Alimenti, A., Kestler, M., Money, D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6631 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Several other SMS text-message interventions have been developed and implemented in HIV care with promising results; however, WelTel remains the approach validated in the largest setting to date [33-35].”
BackgroundFredriksen‐Goldsen, K. I., Shiu, C. A., Starks, H. E., Chen, W., Simoni, J. M., Kim, H., Pearson, C. R., Zhao, H., & Zhang, F. (2011) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0261 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationCastel, A. D., Qasmieh, S. A., Greenberg, D., Ellenberger, N., Howell, T. H., Griffith, C. J., Wilbourn, B. C., Ganesan, K., Hussein, N. L., Ralte, G., et al. (2018) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/10213 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Marcellin, F., Spire, B., Carrieri, M., & Roux, P. (2013) · Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/eri.13.8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…counts, self-reports [36] Springer et al. (2009) Community setting and clinic, USA 127 6 months Virological suppression Self-reports [16] Simoni et al. (2009) Clinic, USA 224 9 months Adherence to ART Electronic monitoring, self-reports [17] Gross et al. (2009) Clinics, USA and South…”
Zhou, J., Sirisanthana, T., Kiertiburanakul, S., Chen, Y. A., Han, N., Lim, P., Kumarasamy, N., Choi, J. Y., Merati, T. P., Yunihastuti, E., et al. (2010) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-361 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kirk, G. D., Linas, B. S., Westergaard, R. P., Piggott, D. A., Bollinger, R. C., Chang, L. W., & Genz, A. (2013) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/594671 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Text messages have been effectively utilized to improve attendance at clinic appointments, promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and increase rates of viral suppression [7–14].”
BackgroundReflections on living with HIV over time: exploring the perspective of HIV-infected women over 50
Psaros, C., Barinas, J. L., Robbins, G. K., Bedoya, C. A., Park, E. R., & Safren, S. A. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.917608 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Peer-support interventions have been used with some success in PLWHA, including Fogarty et al. (2001), Simoni et al. (2009), and Safren et al. (2011).”
MethodHorvath, K. J., Amico, K. R., Erickson, D. J., Ecklund, A. M., Martinka, A., DeWitt, J., McLaughlin, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/10182 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Simoni and colleagues randomized 224 HIV-positive patients at a public HIV specialty clinic in Seattle, Washington to receive either in-person peer support, pager messaging, both in-person peer support and pager messaging, or usual care [22] for a 3-month period.”
BackgroundStoner, S. A., & Hendershot, C. S. (2012) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Molton, J. S., Pang, Y., Wang, Z., Qiu, B., Wu, P., Rahman-Shepherd, A., Ooi, W. T., & Paton, N. I. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014194 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“20 However, such systems can function as a reminder only and cannot provide a real-time assessment of adherence.”
BackgroundJohnson, L., Green, H. D., Koch, B., Stockman, J. K., Felsher, M. A., Roth, A. M., & Wagner, K. D. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002571 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gaur, A. H., Belzer, M. E., Britto, P., Garvie, P. A., Hu, C., Graham, B., Neely, M. N., McSherry, G., Spector, S. A., & Flynn, P. M. (2010) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2010.0008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In addition, our study results and the youth participant feedback underscore the need to develop community-based support for HIV-positive youth that is innovative and may utilize ‘‘nontraditional’’ support systems such as the church, 25 peers, 26 and accompagnateurs.”
Locher, C., Messerli, M., Gaab, J., & Gerger, H. (2019) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2018.0164 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Optimizing the Analysis of Adherence Interventions Using Logistic Generalized Estimating Equations
Huh, D., Flaherty, B. P., & Simoni, J. M. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9955-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“peer and pager support treatments is detailed in a previous report [18].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNetwork support, technology use, depression, and ART adherence among HIV-positive MSM of color
Holloway, I. W., Tan, D., Dunlap, S. L., Palmer, L., Beougher, S. C., & Cederbaum, J. A. (2017) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2017.1325435 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“While there is an understanding that social support can work to promote medication adherence among people living with HIV, interventions aimed at utilizing social networks to improve adherence have been mixed (Remien et al., 2005; Simoni et al., 2009; Simoni, Pantalone, Plummer, & Huang, 2007).”
Background
- Authors
- Simoni, J. M., Huh, D., Frick, P. A., Pearson, C. R., Andrasik, M. P., Dunbar, P. J., & Hooton, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simoni, Jane M
- Huh, David
- Venue
- JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 465-473
- ISSN
- 1525-4135 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2795576
- OpenAlex
- W2065765677
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 8.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH058986)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI027757)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- peer support, antiretroviral therapy, medication adherence, HIV, highly active antiretroviral therapy, CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load, HIV outpatients, intervention efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Peer Group, Social Support, HIV Infections, Anti-HIV Agents, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Computers, Handheld, Young Adult
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