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Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Current dietary guidelines recommend eating a variety of fruits and vegetables. However, based on nutrient composition, some particular fruits and vegetables may be more or less beneficial for maintaining or achieving a healthy weight. We hypothesized that greater consumption of fruits and vegetables with a higher fiber content or lower glycemic load would be more strongly associated with a healthy weight. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We examined the association between change in intake of specific fruits and vegetables and change in weight in three large, prospective cohorts of 133,468 United States men and women. From 1986 to 2010, these associations were examined within multiple 4-y time intervals, adjusting for simultaneous changes in other lifestyle factors, including other aspects of diet, smoking status, and physical activity. Results were combined using a random effects meta-analysis. Increased intake of fruits was inversely associated with 4-y weight change: total fruits -0.53 lb per daily serving (95% CI -0.61, -0.44), berries -1.11 lb (95% CI -1.45, -0.78), and apples/pears -1.24 lb (95% CI -1.62, -0.86). Increased intake of several vegetables was also inversely associated with weight change: total vegetables -0.25 lb per daily serving (95% CI -0.35, -0.14), tofu/soy -2.47 lb (95% CI, -3.09 to -1.85 lb) and cauliflower -1.37 lb (95% CI -2.27, -0.47). On the other hand, increased intake of starchy vegetables, including corn, peas, and potatoes, was associated with weight gain. Vegetables having both higher fiber and lower glycemic load were more strongly inversely associated with weight change compared with lower-fiber, higher-glycemic-load vegetables (p < 0.0001). Despite the measurement of key confounders in our analyses, the potential for residual confounding cannot be ruled out, and although our food frequency questionnaire specified portion size, the assessment of diet using any method will have measurement error. CONCLUSIONS: Increased consumption of fruits and non-starchy vegetables is inversely associated with weight change, with important differences by type suggesting that other characteristics of these foods influence the magnitude of their association with weight change.
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“in contrast to nonstarchy vegetables which are associated with protection against weight gain and diabetes.28, 55, 146, 147”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“while potatoes, corn, and peas are linked to greater long-term weight gain”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“In recent work, among major vegetables consumed in the US, potatoes, corn, and peas were each associated with long-term weight gain, whereas other vegetable subtypes were each associated with weight loss.55”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Among those that have, higher intake of potatoes, including boiled and baked potatoes, is prospectively linked to incidence of diabetes”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
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Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
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“Previous studies found that high potato intake [30] was positively, whereas increased intake of non-starchy vegetables [1] was inversely associated with waist circumference and weight gain.”
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“In addition, many similar studies have shown that adjustment for energy intakes has little to no impact on estimates,(24,28,30,56,61,62) whereas others contend that energy adjustment is not required as energy intake may mediate the effects of diet quality on weight gain.(62,63) It is possible that women who volunteere…”
Cross-platform proteomics to advance genetic prioritisation strategiesPreprint
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“Three large cohort studies of 133,468 adults, identified an association with increased consumption of fruits and non-starchy vegetables with weight loss.(9)”
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Malnutrition in School-Going Adolescents in Dessie Town, South Wollo, Ethiopia
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Using social norm nudges in supermarket shopping trolleys to increase fruit and vegetable purchases
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“In another prospective study of 24 years of follow up, increasing intake of starchy vegetables, such as corn, potatoes and peas was associated with weight gain in adults [49].”
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“These results could be helpful to promote the consumption of these products through gastronomic preparations, either as main foods or to accompany other emblematic dishes since they can lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, prevent some types of cancer, lower the risk of eye and digestive…”
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“In fact, the consumption of fruits and vegetables has been inversely associated with weight gain [58].”
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“Findings of emerging, but still limited, research on the consumption of non-fried and fried potatoes and the risk of hypertension(10,11) and high BP(11) have so far been inconsistent; however, consistent direct associations between consumption of French fries with long-term weight gain have been reported(14,18).”
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“indirectly improves lipid disorders (Bertoia et al., 2015).”
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Oligella spp.: A systematic review on an uncommon urinary pathogen
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Starchy Vegetables and Metabolic Syndrome in Costa Rica
Li, Z., Wang, D., Ruiz-Narváez, E., Peterson, K. E., Campos, H., & Baylín, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051639 · Cited by 11
“Some studies found a positive association between a higher content of carbohydrates in vegetables and MetS; higher carbohydrate proportion in vegetables is associated with increased prevalence of developing MetS and hyperlipidemia in the United States (US) [18], as well as in some Asian countries, including China [19]…”
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“Finally, a cross-sectional study in urban south Indians determined that higher intakes of FV were inversely associated with WC [27].”
BackgroundGeroscience and climate science: Oppositional or complementary?
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“Greater blueberry and anthocyanin intake is associated with less weight gain during aging (Bertoia et al., 2015) and numerous clinical studies in neuroscience and blueberries have found their consumption can improve cognitive functioning (Kalt et al. 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bertoia, M. L., Mukamal, K. J., Cahill, L. E., Hou, T., Ludwig, D. S., Mozaffarian, D., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bertoia, Monica L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-09-22
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e1001878
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC4578962
- OpenAlex
- W1915710460
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 37.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2016-01-20)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (R01 HL088521)
- Amarin Corporation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca049449-18, R01 CA49449, UM1-CA-176726, UM1-CA167552, CA176726, CA-167552, CA67262, CA 87969)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, R01 HL35464, R01HL034594, R01HL088521)
- National Cancer Institute (R01-CA49449, P01CA087969, R01‐CA049449, UM1CA176726, R01 CA67262, UM1CA167552, R01CA067262, [P01 CA87969)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK082730)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- fruits, vegetables, weight change, weight gain, dietary fiber, glycemic load, berries, cauliflower, starchy vegetables, potato, maize, pea, longitudinal dietary change, obesity prevention, healthy weight maintenance, prospective cohort, random-effects meta-analysis, residual confounding, sex differences, United States adults, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Vegetables
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