Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The reproducibility and validity of self-administered questionnaires on physical activity and inactivity were examined in a random (representative) sample of the Nurses' Health Study II cohort and a random sample of African-American women in that cohort. METHODS: Repeat questionnaires were administered 2 years apart. Past-week activity recalls and 7-day activity diaries were the referent methods; these instruments were sent to participants four times over a 1-year period. RESULTS: The 2-year test-retest correlation for activity was 0.59 for the representative sample (n = 147) and 0.39 for the African-American sample (n = 84). Correlations between activity reported on recalls and that reported on questionnaire were 0.79 and 0.83 for the representative and African-American samples, respectively. Correlations between activity reported in diaries and that reported on questionnaire were 0.62 and 0.59, respectively. Test-retest coefficients for inactivity were 0.52 and 0.55, respectively. Correlations between inactivity reported in diaries and that reported on questionnaire were 0.41 and 0.44, respectively. CONCLUSION: The simple, short questionnaires on activity and inactivity used in the Nurses' Health Study II are reasonably valid measures for epidemiological research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-administered questionnaires on adult physical activity have reproducibility and validity appropriate for epidemiologic research.
“The reproducibility and validity of self-administered questionnaires on adult physical activity were examined in a prospective cohort and found to be appropriate for epidemiologic research (77).”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ludwig, D. S., Peterson, K. E., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04041-1 · Cited by 2,377 · see citing works
Hu, F. B., Li, T. Y., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1785 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
“The reproducibility and validity of the physical activity questionnaire has been described elsewhere.(10) In a representative sample (n=147) of participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort, the 2-year test-retest correlation for activity was 0.”
Self-citationPrimary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle
Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., & Willett, W. C. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200007063430103 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis
Holmes, M. D. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2479 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
Self-citationLimits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires
Shephard, R. J. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.3.197 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Schulze, M. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.8.927 · Cited by 1,639 · see citing works
“62).(19) Because physical activity was not assessed in 1995 or 1999, for our analysis on weight change, we used the 1997 estimate for both of these time points instead.”
MethodArem, H., Moore, S. C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Visvanathan, K., Campbell, P. T., Freedman, M., Weiderpass, E., Adami, H. O., et al. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women.
Manson, J., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A., Stefanick, M., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A., Perri, M., Sheps, D., Pettinger, M., & Siscovick, D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021067 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing Obesity via a School-Based Interdisciplinary Intervention Among Youth
Gortmaker, S. L., Peterson, K. E., Wiecha, J. L., Sobol, A. M., Dixit, S., Fox, M. K., & Laird, N. M. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.4.409 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Giles‐Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00150-2 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
“activity (Ainsworth et al.,1993; Wolf et al.,1994 ).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity, Including Walking, and Cognitive Function in Older Women
Weuve, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1454 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
“Moderate to severe bodily pain 1381 (37) 1224 (33) 1156 (31) 1088 (29) 918 (24)”
Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908263410904 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Events: Potential Mediating Mechanisms
Mora, S., Cook, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M., & Lee, I.-M. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.729939 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Hu, F. B., Sigal, R. J., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Colditz, G. A., Solomon, C. G., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., & Manson, J. E. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.15.1433 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
“The reproducibility and validity of the physical activity questionnaire has been described elsewhere.(19) In a representative sample (n = 147) of participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort, the 2-year test-retest correlation for activity was 0.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Incident Hypertension
Forman, J. P., Giovannucci, E. L., Holmes, M. D., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Tworoger, S. S., Willett, W. C., & Curhan, G. C. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.087288 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in the Incidence of Uterine Leiomyoma Among Premenopausal Women by Age and Race
Marshall, L. M. (1997) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00534-6 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M. B., Fung, T. T., Meigs, J. B., Rifai, N., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1029 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
“Physical activity was assessed in hours per week spent on common leisure-time physical activities expressed as metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/wk) (17).”
MethodSelf-citationDevelopment and Validation of a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire
Chasan‐Taber, L., Schmidt, M. D., Roberts, D. E., Hosmer, D. W., Markenson, G. R., & Freedson, P. S. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142303.49306.0d · Cited by 863 · see citing works
“(28) examined the reproducibility of self-reported”
BackgroundResultGiles‐Corti, B. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1115 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Physical activity and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis
Meyerhardt, J. A., Giovannucci, E. L., Holmes, M. D., Chan, A. T., Chan, J. A., Colditz, G. A., & Fuchs, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.06.0855 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Rexrode, K. M., van Dam, R. M., Li, T. Y., & Hu, F. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.739714 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Adiposity as Compared with Physical Activity in Predicting Mortality among Women
Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Li, T., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., & Manson, J. E. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa042135 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulze, M. B., Liu, S., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Pregravid Determinants of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Solomon, C. G. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550130052036 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Meyerhardt, J. A., Heseltine, D., Niedzwiecki, D., Hollis, D. R., Saltz, L. B., Mayer, R. J., Thomas, J. P., Nelson, H., Whittom, R., Hantel, A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.06.0863 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
de Munter, J. S. L., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Franz, M., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040261 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
“Information requested on the baseline questionnaire included age, weight, smoking status, use of postmenopausal hormone therapy, use of oral contraceptives (for NHSII), and personal history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. We updated this information every 2 y. Oral contraceptive use (for NHSI), family…”
MethodPhysical Activity Questionnaires for Adults
van Poppel, M. N. M., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Mokkink, L. B., van Mechelen, W., & Terwee, C. B. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11531930-000000000-00000 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Body-Mass Index and Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Women
Jacobson, B. C., Somers, S. C., Fuchs, C. S., Kelly, C. P., & Camargo, C. A. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054391 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Li, Y., Schoufour, J. D., Wang, D. D., Dhana, K., Pan, A., Liu, X., Song, M., Liu, G., Shin, H. J., Sun, Q., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6669 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity, Obesity, Height, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Michaud, D. S. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.8.921 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
“62.(26) The validity of the physical activity questionnaire used in the HPFS in 1986 was assessed among 238 randomly selected participants by comparisons with 4 1-week activity diaries, 4 1-week activity recalls, and resting and postexercise pulse rates.”
MethodAssociation between Reduced Sleep and Weight Gain in Women
Patel, S. R., Malhotra, A., White, D. P., Gottlieb, D. J., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj280 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Laaksonen, D. E., Lindström, J., Lakka, T. A., Eriksson, J. G., Niskanen, L., Wikström, K., Aunola, S., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Valle, T. T., et al. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.158 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults
Patel, A. V., Bernstein, L., Deka, A., Feigelson, H. S., Campbell, P. T., Gapstur, S. M., Colditz, G. A., & Thun, M. J. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq155 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citationSugar-Sweetened Beverages and Genetic Risk of Obesity
Qi, Q., Chu, A. Y., Kang, J., Jensen, M. K., Curhan, G. C., Pasquale, L. R., Ridker, P. M., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203039 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Nurses׳ Health Study: lifestyle and health among women
Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2005) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1608 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Self-citationExposure to Greenness and Mortality in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study of Women
James, P., Hart, J. E., Banay, R. F., & Laden, F. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1510363 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
“Physical activity was evaluated based on a validated biennial measure of self-reported total physical activity in the past year (Wolf et al. 1994).”
MethodMartínez‐González, M. Á., López-Fontana, C. M., Cenarruzabeitia, J. J. V., Sánchez‐Villegas, A., & Martínez, J. A. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005745 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Diet and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Incident Hypertension in Women
Forman, J. P. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1060 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Origin, Methods, and Evolution of the Three Nurses’ Health Studies
Bao, Y., Bertoia, M. L., Lenart, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., & Chavarro, J. E. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303338 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer
Wei, E. K., Giovannucci, E. L., Wu, K., ROSNER, B. A., Fuchs, C. S., Willett, W. C., & Colditz, G. A. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11540 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Lee, I.-M. M., Rexrode, K. M., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., & Buring, J. E. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.11.1447 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Self-citationIsotemporal Substitution Paradigm for Physical Activity Epidemiology and Weight Change
Mekary, R. A., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Ding, E. L. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp163 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of Obesity With Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Women
Liu, P.-H., Wu, K., Ng, K., Zauber, A. G., Nguyen, L. H., Song, M., He, X., Fuchs, C. S., Ogino, S., Willett, W. C., et al. (2019) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.4280 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“Physicalactivitywasself-reportedwithvalidatedquestionnairesevery2to 4years.(45)Ametabolic equivalentof tasks (MET) scorebasedon energyexpenditurewasassignedtoeach typeofphysical activity, and the amount of total physical activitywas calculated by multiplying theMET score by themean time spent in each activity.”
Self-citationPhysical activity and risk of stroke in women
Hu, F. B. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.22.2961 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
“In a representative sample (n=147) of participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort, this questionnaire was completed on 2 occasions 2 years apart, in conjunction with pastweek activity recall and 7-day activity diaries completed 4 times during a 1-year period.(18) The 2-year test-retest correlation for activity…”
Association Between Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women
Vetter, C., Devore, E. E., Wegrzyn, L. R., Massa, J., Speizer, F. E., Kawachi, I., Rosner, B., Stampfer, M. J., & Schernhammer, E. S. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4454 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“34,35 The exposure assessments lacked information on intensity of night shift work and physiological measures that may be affected by shift work.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDuration of Lactation and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Stuebe, A. M. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.20.2601 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults
Cassidy, A., O’Reilly, É. J., Kay, C. D., Sampson, L., FRANZ, M. M., Forman, J., Curhan, G. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006783 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
“In 1986 the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) enrolled 51,529 men aged 40–75 y, and in 1991, a younger cohort of 116,430 women aged 25–42 y were enrolled in the NHS II by using similar questionnaires (14, 15).”
MethodWalking and Leisure-Time Activity and Risk of Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women
Feskanich, D. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2300 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“Theabilityoftheactivityquestionnaire toassess total activityand inactivityover the previous year was tested in a sample of 151 white women.(21) Compared with four 7-day activity diaries, the questionnaire underascertained total activity by approximately 20% and inactivity by 35%.”
MethodPrimary Prevention of Stroke by Healthy Lifestyle
Chiuve, S. E., Rexrode, K. M., Spiegelman, D. L., Logroscino, G., Manson, J. E., & Rimm, E. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.781062 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of Long Sleep Duration
Patel, S. R., Malhotra, A., Gottlieb, D. J., White, D. P., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.7.881 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Survival after Diagnosis of Invasive Breast Cancer
Holick, C. N., Newcomb, P., Trentham-Dietz, A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Bersch, A., Stampfer, M., Baron, J., Egan, K., & Willett, W. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0771 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
“Information collected on recreational physical activity in the CWLS questionnaire was modeled after data collection instruments used in a previous cohort study (4); the validity of the physical activity assessment has been reported previously (16).”
MethodSelf-citationCombined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women
Dam, R. M. V., Li, T., Spiegelman, D., Franco, O. H., & Hu, F. B. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1440 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“Information on disease history and cigarette smoking was assessed on each biennial questionnaire. Frequency of physical activity during the previous year was assessed in 1980, and this information was updated every two to four years.”
MethodWhite rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women
Sun, Q. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
“” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (11): 961.”
BackgroundMagnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women
López‐Ridaura, R., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Liu, S., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.134 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“The validity and reproducibility of the physical activity questionnaires have been previously documented in these cohorts (23,24).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Impact of COVID‐19 Stay‐At‐Home Orders on Health Behaviors in Adults
Flanagan, E. W., Beyl, R. A., Fearnbach, S. N., Altazan, A. D., Martin, C. K., & Redman, L. M. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23066 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
“Therefore, physical activity was reported through the long form, a 12-item physical activity questionnaire modified from the Nurses’ Health Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (6).”
MethodDiet and Lifestyle in the Prevention of Ovulatory Disorder Infertility
Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (2007) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000287293.25465.e1 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity and repeatability of the EPIC-Norfolk Physical Activity Questionnaire
Wareham, N. J., Jakes, R. W., Rennie, K. L., Mitchell, J., Hennings, S., & Day, N. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.168 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Holmes, M. D., Pollak, M., Willett, W. C., & Hankinson, S. E. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationReproducibility and Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires
Willett, W. C., & Lenart, E. B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0006 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity and risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Solomon, C., Liu, S., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00009 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“Although our exercise questionnaire has been validated against physical activity diaries (35) and similar questionnaires have correlated well with measured oxygen consumption (36), measurement errors in assessing physical activity are inevitable.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRelationship of Physical Activity vs Body Mass Index With Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Weinstein, A. R. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.10.1188 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“However, studies have shown that the self-reported physical activity questionnaire used in this study is both valid and reliable.(16) Only recreational, and not occupational activity, was reported, but all women are health care professionals who tend to perform little occupational physical activity.”
MethodLeisure-Time Physical Activity, Body Size, and Colon Cancer in Women
Martinez, M. E., Giovannucci, E., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., & Colditz, G. A. (1997) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/89.13.948 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Ovulatory Disorder Infertility
Rich-Edwards, J. W., Spiegelman, D., Garland, M., Hertzmark, E., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Wand, H., & Manson, J. E. (2002) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200203000-00013 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Weight Change and Health-Related Quality of Life in Women
Fine, J. T. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2136 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Mora, S., Lee, I., Buring, J., & Ridker, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.295.12.1412 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“62.(25,26) Participants were asked on the questionnaire to estimate the average time per week over the past year spent on 8 groups of recreational activities (walking/hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, aerobic exercise/dance, lap swimming, tennis/squash/racquetball, and lower-intensity exercise) and also to report t…”
BackgroundDietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Schulze, M. B., Hoffmann, K., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Meigs, J. B., Weikert, C., Heidemann, C., Colditz, G. A., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.3.675 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationBertoia, M. L., Mukamal, K. J., Cahill, L. E., Hou, T., Ludwig, D. S., Mozaffarian, D., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Rimm, E. B. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001878 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Self-citationABO Blood Group and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Wolpin, B. M., Chan, A. T., Hartge, P., Chanock, S. J., Kraft, P., Hunter, D. J., Giovannucci, E. L., & Fuchs, C. S. (2009) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djp020 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationLeisure-Time Physical Activity and Ischemic Stroke Risk
Sacco, R. L., Gan, R., Boden-Albala, B. M., Lin, I., Kargman, D. E., Hauser, W. A., Shea, S., & Paik, M. C. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.2.380 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Gortmaker, S. L., Cheung, L. W. Y., Peterson, K. E., Chomitz, G., Cradle, J. H., Dart, H., Fox, M. K., Bullock, R. B., Sobol, A. M., Colditz, G. A., et al. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.9.975 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Schulze, M. B., Hoffmann, K., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Meigs, J. B., Weikert, C., Heidemann, C., Colditz, G. A., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.3.675 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citationBischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Vellas, B., Rizzoli, R., Kressig, R. W., da Silva, J. A. P., Blauth, M., Felson, D. T., McCloskey, E. V., Watzl, B., Hofbauer, L. C., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16909 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Children Eat What They Watch
Wiecha, J. L., Peterson, K. E., Ludwig, D. S., Kim, J., Sobol, A. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.4.436 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Intervening on risk factors for coronary heart disease: an application of the parametric g-formula.
Taubman, S., Robins, J., Mittleman, M., & Hernán, M. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp192 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Diabetes and Risk of Hip Fracture
Janghorbani, M., Feskanich, D., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0440 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“Physical activity reported on the questionnaire was highly correlated with activity recorded in diaries (32).”
MethodSelf-citationPhysical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention
Lee, I.-M. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.312 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“62.(19) Physical activity was updated at months 36, 72, and 96 during the trial, at trial conclusion, and cycle 2 of observational follow-up, referred to as the 36-, 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144-month follow-up.”
BackgroundMethodSexual Orientation, Health Risk Factors, and Physical Functioning in the Nurses' Health Study II
Case, P., Austin, S. B., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Malspeis, S., Willett, W. C., & Spiegelman, D. L. (2004) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1033 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationSnoring as a Risk Factor for Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study
Al‐Delaimy, W. K., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.5.387 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationProspective Study of Oral Contraceptives and Hypertension Among Women in the United States
Chasan-Taber, L., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Curhan, G., Colditz, G. A., & Stampfer, M. J. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.483 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationBelenchia, A. M., Tosh, A. K., Hillman, L. S., & Peterson, C. A. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.050013 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“The following 4 questionnaires were administered to all participants at the baseline visit: a one-page sun-exposure questionnaire developed for this study to assess tanning bed use, outdoor sun exposure, and sunscreen use; a Fitzpatrick skin typing questionnaire (17); the Harvard Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire, a self…”
MethodTobias, D. K., Stuart, J. J., Li, S., Chavarro, J., Rimm, E. B., Rich-Edwards, J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., & Zhang, C. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2790 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“These responses were converted into metabolic equivalent tasks (METs) and summed across activities to calculate total physical activity in METs per week.(31) Usual dietary intake was assessedevery4years via a validated semiquantitative food frequencyquestionnaire.”
MethodSelf-citationPhysical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention
Colditz, G. A., Cannuscio, C. C., & Frazier, A. L. (1997) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1018458700185 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia
Giles‐Corti, B., MacIntyre, S., Clarkson, J. P., Pikora, T., & Donovan, R. J. (2003) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.93 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Solomon, C. G., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.5.543 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations between diet, lifestyle factors, and telomere length in women
Cassidy, A., Vivo, I. D., Liu, Y., Han, J., Prescott, J., Hunter, D. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28947 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Physical activity, expressed in terms of metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours, was assessed by using a previously validated questionnaire (57).”
MethodSelf-citationQi, Q., Chu, A. Y., Kang, J. H., Huang, J., Rose, L. M., Jensen, M. K., Liang, L., Curhan, G. C., Pasquale, L. R., Wiggs, J. L., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1610 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms
McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Slate, S., & Potter, J. (1998) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008853601471 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Shorter, self-administered physical activity questionnaires have been used and found to be relatively reliable and valid.(25) The self-report of physical activity exposure may be inaccurate, however.”
MethodCirculating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Patients With Colorectal Cancer
Ng, K., Meyerhardt, J. A., Wu, K., Feskanich, D., Hollis, B. W., Giovannucci, E. L., & Fuchs, C. S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.15.1027 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“As participants were health professionals, the accuracy of self-reported data is likely to be high; information on many exposures have been validated previously.(41,42) Several limitations of our study deserve comment.”
BackgroundQuantifying energy expenditure and physical activity in the context of dose response.
LaMonte, M., & Ainsworth, B. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00006 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Validation of Self-reported Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review
Blicher, B., JOSHIPURA, K. J., & Eke, P. I. (2005) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/154405910508401003 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“…disease (Newell et al., 1999), and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Wright et al., 1994), as well as risk factors for disease, such as diet (Willett, 1990; Rimm et al., 1992), physical activity (Wolf et al., 1994), high blood pressure (Tormo et al., 2000), and general health (Sheridan et al., 1998).”
BackgroundFreiburger Fragebogen zur körperlichen Aktivität-Entwicklung, Prüfung und Anwendung
Frey, I., Berg, A., Grathwohl, D., & Keul, J. (1999) · Sozial- und Präventivmedizin · doi:10.1007/bf01667127 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Shan, Z., Li, Y., Zong, G., Guo, Y., Li, J., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Schernhammer, E. S., & Bhupathiraju, S. N. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4641 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationHealthy Lifestyle in the Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Young Women
Chomistek, A. K., Chiuve, S. E., Eliassen, A. H., Mukamal, K. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.024 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“The healthy lifestyle factors examined in this study were self-reported; however, this method of data collection has been validated for many factors, including physical activity (9), diet (8,32), alcohol (33), and weight (34).”
Self-citationPhysical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States)
Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1996) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00051301 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, D. H., Rezende, L. F. M., Joh, H.-K., Keum, N., Ferrari, G., Rey-Lopez, J. P., Rimm, E. B., Tabung, F. K., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058162 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Impact of Television Viewing Patterns on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Adolescents
Boynton‐Jarrett, R., Thomas, T. N., Peterson, K. E., Wiecha, J. L., Sobol, A. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.112.6.1321 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1512 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Validation studies for the assessment of body weight and physical activity have been previously reported (19,20).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLiving Arrangements, Social Integration, and Change in Functional Health Status
Michael, Y. L., Berkman, L. F., Colditz, G. A., & Kawachi, I. I. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.2.123 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Health behaviors. Health behaviors assessed by questionnaire in 1992 included smoking status, leisure-time physical activity ( 22 ), and current weight (23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA prospective study of dietary patterns, meat intake and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Zhang, C., Schulze, M. B., Solomon, C. G., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0422-1 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“62, respectively [25].”
Physical Activity and Male Colorectal Cancer Survival
Meyerhardt, J. A. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.412 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
- Authors
- WOLF, A. M., HUNTER, D. J., COLDITZ, G. A., MANSON, J. E., STAMPFER, M. J., CORSANO, K. A., ROSNER, B., KRISKA, A., & WILLETT, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 991-999
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2158187071
- Cited by
- 1,038
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 3.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (CA-55075, CA50385, R01CA050385)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- physical activity questionnaire, reproducibility, validity, test-retest reliability, physical inactivity, activity diaries, Nurses' Health Study II, African American women, self-reported physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
