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Cited by 362Marine Biology and Ecology ResearchMarine Ecology and Invasive SpeciesMarine and environmental studies

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Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea

Open access
Ojaveer, Henn, Jaanus, Andres, MacKenzie, Brian R., Martin, Georg, Olenin, Sergej, Radziejewska, Teresa, Telesh, Irena, Zettler, Michael L., Zaiko, Anastasija·2010·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0012467PMC PMC2931693
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Abstract

The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances. These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the area over the relatively recent history of the system. The Baltic Sea has only one known endemic species. While information on some abiotic parameters extends back as long as five centuries and first quantitative snapshot data on biota (on exploited fish populations) originate generally from the same time, international coordination of research began in the early twentieth century. Continuous, annual Baltic Sea-wide long-term datasets on several organism groups (plankton, benthos, fish) are generally available since the mid-1950s. Based on a variety of available data sources (published papers, reports, grey literature, unpublished data), the Baltic Sea, incl. Kattegat, hosts altogether at least 6,065 species, including at least 1,700 phytoplankton, 442 phytobenthos, at least 1,199 zooplankton, at least 569 meiozoobenthos, 1,476 macrozoobenthos, at least 380 vertebrate parasites, about 200 fish, 3 seal, and 83 bird species. In general, but not in all organism groups, high sub-regional total species richness is associated with elevated salinity. Although in comparison with fully marine areas the Baltic Sea supports fewer species, several facets of the system's diversity remain underexplored to this day, such as micro-organisms, foraminiferans, meiobenthos and parasites. In the future, climate change and its interactions with multiple anthropogenic forcings are likely to have major impacts on the Baltic biodiversity.

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Figures

Figure 1 Map of macroregions and regions of the Baltic Sea (sensu [2]). Salinity calculated from [195].
Figure 1 Map of macroregions and regions of the Baltic Sea (sensu [2]). Salinity calculated from [195].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Recorded sub-regional species richness of six organism groups in the Baltic Sea.
Figure 2 Recorded sub-regional species richness of six organism groups in the Baltic Sea.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Annual zooplankton (A) biomass and (B) production by taxa in Gdansk Bay in the 1980s (modified from [196]).
Figure 3 Annual zooplankton (A) biomass and (B) production by taxa in Gdansk Bay in the 1980s (modified from [196]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Recorded macrozoobenthos taxonomic composition in the Baltic Sea, based on historical and recent data. The spatial compoment is given on Figure 5.
Figure 4 Recorded macrozoobenthos taxonomic composition in the Baltic Sea, based on historical and recent data. The spatial compoment is given on Figure 5.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Sub-regional distribution of (A) marine and (B) freshwater taxa in the Baltic Sea: case of macrozoobenthos. Projection: ERTS89_LAEA CRS (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection, ETRS89 datum).
Figure 5 Sub-regional distribution of (A) marine and (B) freshwater taxa in the Baltic Sea: case of macrozoobenthos. Projection: ERTS89_LAEA CRS (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection, ETRS89 datum).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Spawner biomass of cod, herring, and sprat in the Baltic Sea (ICES management subdivisions 25–32, 25–29 (excluding the Gulf of Riga) and 22–32, respectively). Data: [137].
Figure 6 Spawner biomass of cod, herring, and sprat in the Baltic Sea (ICES management subdivisions 25–32, 25–29 (excluding the Gulf of Riga) and 22–32, respectively). Data: [137].CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 40

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Authors
Ojaveer, H., Jaanus, A., MacKenzie, B. R., Martin, G., Olenin, S., Radziejewska, T., Telesh, I., Zettler, M. L., & Zaiko, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Tartu (EE)
  • Technical University of Denmark (DK)
  • Klaipėda University (LT)
  • University of Szczecin (PL)
  • Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
  • Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Ojaveer, Henn
  • Jaanus, Andres
  • MacKenzie, Brian R.
  • Martin, Georg
  • Olenin, Sergej
  • Radziejewska, Teresa
  • Telesh, Irena
  • Zettler, Michael L.
  • Zaiko, Anastasija
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2010-09-01
Volume
5
Issue
9
Pages
e12467
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0012467
PMC
PMC2931693
OpenAlex
W2146338434
Cited by
362
References
149
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 11
FWCI
11.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
  • European Commission (EU-FP7, 212085)
  • Total Foundation
  • Russian Academy of Sciences
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and environmental studies
Keywords
species richness, brackish water, endemic species, species immigration, long-term ecological monitoring, plankton, benthos, fish, salinity, Kattegat, climate change impacts, anthropogenic impacts, parasites, meiofauna, foraminifera
MeSH terms
Animals, Europe, Fishes, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Phytoplankton, Population Dynamics, Seawater, Zooplankton, Biodiversity, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century

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