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Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea
Open accessAbstract
The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances. These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the area over the relatively recent history of the system. The Baltic Sea has only one known endemic species. While information on some abiotic parameters extends back as long as five centuries and first quantitative snapshot data on biota (on exploited fish populations) originate generally from the same time, international coordination of research began in the early twentieth century. Continuous, annual Baltic Sea-wide long-term datasets on several organism groups (plankton, benthos, fish) are generally available since the mid-1950s. Based on a variety of available data sources (published papers, reports, grey literature, unpublished data), the Baltic Sea, incl. Kattegat, hosts altogether at least 6,065 species, including at least 1,700 phytoplankton, 442 phytobenthos, at least 1,199 zooplankton, at least 569 meiozoobenthos, 1,476 macrozoobenthos, at least 380 vertebrate parasites, about 200 fish, 3 seal, and 83 bird species. In general, but not in all organism groups, high sub-regional total species richness is associated with elevated salinity. Although in comparison with fully marine areas the Baltic Sea supports fewer species, several facets of the system's diversity remain underexplored to this day, such as micro-organisms, foraminiferans, meiobenthos and parasites. In the future, climate change and its interactions with multiple anthropogenic forcings are likely to have major impacts on the Baltic biodiversity.
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“especially in highly contaminated, low salinity environments such as the Baltic where both marine and freshwater organisms are subject to a high degree of environmental stress (Ojaveer et al., 2010).”
From Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do We Know and Where Should We Focus Our Efforts in the Future? (2018) · cites this paper as Ojaveer et al., 2010
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Self-citationLeasi, F., & Todaro, M. A. (2009) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315409991068 · Cited by 12
THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OF INVASION BIOLOGY IN THE BALTIC SEA AREA
Leppäkoski, E. (2005) · Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies · Cited by 11
Shifts in the Baltic Sea summer phytoplankton communities in 1992-2006
Jaanus, A., Andersson, A., Hajdu, S., Huseby, S., Jurgenstone, I., Olenina, I., Wasmund, N., & Toming, K. (2007) · Cited by 9
Self-citationUrho, L., & Lehtonen, H. (2008) · Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) · Cited by 9
Zooplankton of the Open Baltic Sea: Atlas
Telesh, I., Postel, L., Heerkloss, R., Mironova, E., & Skarlato, S. (2008) · Leibniz-Institut fuer Ostseeforschung Warnemuende · doi:10.12754/msr-2008-0073 · Cited by 8
Self-citationTypology as a Structuring Mechanism for Phytoplankton Composition in the Baltic Sea.
Jacob, C., Helminen, U., & A.s., H. (2004) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · Cited by 7
Zettler, M. L. 1., & Röhner, M. 1. (2004) · Cited by 7
Self-citationSørensen, M. V. (2001) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1023/a:1011932128728 · Cited by 6
A simple key to the genera of marine and brackish-water rotifers
Thane-Fenchel, A. (1968) · Ophelia · doi:10.1080/00785326.6812.10407616 · Cited by 6
Möbius, K. A., & Heincke, F. (1883) · P. Parey eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.16275 · Cited by 6
Die biodiversität in der Deutschen Nord- und Ostsee
Gewässerkunde, B. F. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5
Leppäkoski, E. (2001) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Biology Ecology · doi:10.3176/biol.ecol.2001.2.02 · Cited by 5
Enghoff, I. B., MacKenzie, B. R., & Nielsen, E. E. (2007) · Figshare · doi:10.17895/ices.pub.25257691.v1 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHISTORY OF LATVIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH
Vītiņš, M., Gaumida, R., & Mitans, A. (2001) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Biology Ecology · doi:10.3176/biol.ecol.2001.2.03 · Cited by 5
Hertling, H. (1929) · Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) · doi:10.2312/berichte_dwkfm_4_2_23-122 · Cited by 5
Kunz, H. (1971) · Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) · Cited by 5
The Słupsk Furrow as a marine protected area in the Baltic
Drzycimski, I. (2000) · Studia i Materiały Oceanologiczne · Cited by 4
History of ecosystem studies of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea)
Ojaveer, H., & Andrushaitis, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Biology Ecology · doi:10.3176/biol.ecol.2004.2.04 · Cited by 4
Self-citationDie Arbeiten mit dem Petersenschen Bodengreifer auf der Ostseefahrt April 1925
Hagmeier, A. (1926) · Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) · doi:10.2312/berichte_dwkfm_2_4_304-307 · Cited by 4
Die psammobionten Rotatorien der Nord- und Ostsee
Remane, A. (1949) · Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) · Cited by 4
Harpacticoida (Copepoda) nowe dla fauny Polski = Harpacticoida (Copepoda) novye dlâ fauny Pol'ši
Drzycimski, I. (1967) · Fragmenta Faunistica · doi:10.3161/00159301ff1966.13.25.489 · Cited by 3
Species composition of zooplankton in the Curonian and Vistula lagoons of the Baltic Sea
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Sommarens växtplanktonsamhälle har förändrats
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Die Untersuchungsfahrt des Poseidon in der Ostsee im Frühjahr 1925
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Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea
Herlemann, D. P. R., Labrenz, M., Jürgens, K., Bertilsson, S., Waniek, J. J., & Andersson, A. F. (2011) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.41 · Cited by 2,885
de Sá, L. C., Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, F., Rocha, T. L., & Futter, M. N. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.207 · Cited by 1,316
A Census of Marine Biodiversity Knowledge, Resources, and Future Challenges
Costello, M. J., Marta Coll, M., Danovaro, R., Halpin, P. N., Ojaveer, H., & Miloslavich, P. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012110 · Cited by 729
Self-citationThe Baltic Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean
Reusch, T. B. H., Dierking, J., Andersson, H. C., Bonsdorff, E., Carstensen, J., Casini, M., Czajkowski, M., Hasler, B., Hinsby, K., Hyytiäinen, K., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar8195 · Cited by 603
Self-citationEffects of offshore wind farms on marine wildlife—a generalized impact assessment
Bergström, L., Kautsky, L., Malm, T., Rosenberg, R., Wahlberg, M., Capetillo, N. Å., & Wilhelmsson, D. (2014) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034012 · Cited by 254
Metadata
- Authors
- Ojaveer, H., Jaanus, A., MacKenzie, B. R., Martin, G., Olenin, S., Radziejewska, T., Telesh, I., Zettler, M. L., & Zaiko, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Klaipėda University (LT)
- University of Szczecin (PL)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ojaveer, Henn
- Jaanus, Andres
- MacKenzie, Brian R.
- Martin, Georg
- Olenin, Sergej
- Radziejewska, Teresa
- Telesh, Irena
- Zettler, Michael L.
- Zaiko, Anastasija
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-09-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e12467
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2931693
- OpenAlex
- W2146338434
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- European Commission (EU-FP7, 212085)
- Total Foundation
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and environmental studies
- Keywords
- species richness, brackish water, endemic species, species immigration, long-term ecological monitoring, plankton, benthos, fish, salinity, Kattegat, climate change impacts, anthropogenic impacts, parasites, meiofauna, foraminifera
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Europe, Fishes, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Phytoplankton, Population Dynamics, Seawater, Zooplankton, Biodiversity, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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