Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea
Open accessAbstract
Salinity is a major factor controlling the distribution of biota in aquatic systems, and most aquatic multicellular organisms are either adapted to life in saltwater or freshwater conditions. Consequently, the saltwater–freshwater mixing zones in coastal or estuarine areas are characterized by limited faunal and floral diversity. Although changes in diversity and decline in species richness in brackish waters is well documented in aquatic ecology, it is unknown to what extent this applies to bacterial communities. Here, we report a first detailed bacterial inventory from vertical profiles of 60 sampling stations distributed along the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, one of world's largest brackish water environments, generated using 454 pyrosequencing of partial (400 bp) 16S rRNA genes. Within the salinity gradient, bacterial community composition altered at broad and finer-scale phylogenetic levels. Analogous to faunal communities within brackish conditions, we identified a bacterial brackish water community comprising a diverse combination of freshwater and marine groups, along with populations unique to this environment. As water residence times in the Baltic Sea exceed 3 years, the observed bacterial community cannot be the result of mixing of fresh water and saltwater, but our study represents the first detailed description of an autochthonous brackish microbiome. In contrast to the decline in the diversity of multicellular organisms, reduced bacterial diversity at brackish conditions could not be established. It is possible that the rapid adaptation rate of bacteria has enabled a variety of lineages to fill what for higher organisms remains a challenging and relatively unoccupied ecological niche.
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Ovigerous females remain in dense populations crawling on the walls of active chimneys during the entire brooding period.
“Since ovigerous females remain in dense populations crawling on the walls of active chimneys during the entire brooding period (Hernández-Ávila, 2016)”
From Is It First the Egg or the Shrimp? – Diversity and Variation in Microbial Communities Colonizing Broods of the Vent Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata During Embryonic Development (2019) · cites this paper as Hernández-Ávila, 2016
The Results and discussion passages concern Baltic Sea bacterial communities and salinity, not ovigerous females or active chimneys (page unavailable). Searches for the quoted wording and for brooding females at hydrothermal vent chimneys found no passage addressing the claim. The citing sentence names Hernández-Ávila (2016), rather than this source paper. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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- Authors
- Herlemann, D. P. R., Labrenz, M., Jürgens, K., Bertilsson, S., Waniek, J. J., & Andersson, A. F.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (DE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Science for Life Laboratory (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The ISME Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-04-07
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1571-1579
- ISSN
- 1751-7362 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7370
- PMC
- PMC3176514
- OpenAlex
- W2114766231
- Cited by
- 2,885
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 220 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 319 · 2023: 313 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 332 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 208 · 2018: 199 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 29.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The ISME Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- bacterial communities, salinity gradient, brackish water, Baltic Sea, 16S rRNA gene diversity, bacterial community composition, bacterial adaptation, niche occupancy, estuarine microbiology
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Baltic States, Fresh Water, Oceans and Seas, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Seawater, Biodiversity, Salinity, Biota
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