Aβ40 Oligomers Identified as a Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide, yet the development of therapeutics has been hampered by the absence of suitable biomarkers to diagnose the disease in its early stages prior to the formation of amyloid plaques and the occurrence of irreversible neuronal damage. Since oligomeric Aβ species have been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD, we reasoned that they may correlate with the onset of disease. As such, we have developed a novel misfolded protein assay for the detection of soluble oligomers composed of Aβ x-40 and x-42 peptide (hereafter Aβ40 and Aβ42) from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Preliminary validation of this assay with 36 clinical samples demonstrated the presence of aggregated Aβ40 in the CSF of AD patients. Together with measurements of total Aβ42, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity greater than 95% and 90%, respectively, were achieved. Although larger sample populations will be needed to confirm this diagnostic sensitivity, our studies demonstrate a sensitive method of detecting circulating Aβ40 oligomers from AD CSF and suggest that these oligomers could be a powerful new biomarker for the early detection of AD.
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Nanotechnology-based immunoassays have established an Alzheimer's disease-dependent accumulation of oligomers in human cerebrospinal fluid.
“These assays, which can be many orders of magnitude more sensitive than ELISAs, have established an AD-dependent accumulation of oligomers in human CSF (Fukumoto et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2010; Georganopoulou et al., 2005; Haes et al., 2005).”
From The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2010
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“compared the diagnostic potential of the Aβ40 oligomer to that of the Aβ42 monomer and found Aβ42 monomers to be superior (63).”
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“…such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (Pitschke et al., 1998), biobarcode assay (Georganopoulou et al., 2005), misfolded protein assay (Gao et al., 2010), ELISA with the same monoclonal antibody both for capture and detection (Fukumoto et al., 2010), flow cytometry based assays…”
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“These peptides have been localized in amyloid plaques and can form oligomers and protofibrils, although Aβ42 is more hydrophobic and fibrillogenic (Selkoe, 2001).”
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“Aβ peptides produced through the amyloidogenic pathway can have several lengths, between 38 and 42 amino acids [55], the most common forms being Aβ40 and Aβ42 [56].”
BackgroundRationally Designed Peptoids Modulate Aggregation of Amyloid-Beta 40
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Detection of retinal and blood Aβ oligomers with nanobodies
Habiba, U., Descallar, J., Kreilaus, F., Adhikari, U. K., Kumar, S., Morley, J. W., Bui, B. V., Koronyo‐Hamaoui, M., & Tayebi, M. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12193 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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A Universal Method for Detection of Amyloidogenic Misfolded Proteins
Yam, A. Y.-W., Wang, X., Gao, C. M., Connolly, M. D., Zuckermann, R. N., Bleu, T., Hall, J., Fedynyshyn, J. P., Allauzen, S., Peretz, D., et al. (2011) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi200215j · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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CSF biomarkers in neurodegenerative and vascular dementias
Llorens, F., Schmitz, M., Ferrer, I., & Zerr, I. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Additionally, the application of a Misfolded Protein Assay (MPA) for the detection of soluble oligomers allows specific detection of Ab40 and Ab42 oligomers in the CSF; this is important as Ab40 but not Ab42 oligomers are increased in the CSF in AD patients (Gao et al., 2010).”
BackgroundProtein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA): Current status and future directions
Saá, P., & Červen̆áková, L. (2014) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Methods for the Specific Detection and Quantitation of Amyloid-β Oligomers in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Schuster, J., & Funke, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-151029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Interestingly, similar results were not found for A 42 aggregates [33].”
ResultPolypeptoids synthesis based on Ugi reaction: Advances and perspectives
Tao, Y., Wang, Z., & Tao, Y. (2019) · Biopolymers · doi:10.1002/bip.23288 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Beta-Amyloid Instigates Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Cardiac Cells
Jang, S., Chapa‐Dubocq, X. R., Parodi‐Rullán, R. M., Fossati, S., & Javadov, S. A. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11030373 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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The elusive nature and diagnostics of misfolded Aβ oligomers
Cerasoli, E., Ryadnov, M. G., & Austen, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2015.00017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…value of Aβ oligomers for early diagnosis and as a possible surrogate biomarker in clinical trials (Sian et al., 2000; Austen et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2010; Yam et al., 2011; Herskovits et al., 2013; Lesne et al., 2013), Aβ has yet to be validated as a clinically acceptedmarker for AD…”
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Correlation of Aβ oligomer levels in matched cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples
Kasai, T., Tokuda, T., Taylor, M., Kondo, M., Mann, D. M. A., Foulds, P. G., Nakagawa, M., & Allsop, D. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.029 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers in the diagnostic assays of Alzheimer’s disease
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“Interestingly, in CSF samples of 26 AD patients, higher amounts of Aβ1-40 aggregates could be detected than in the samples of 10 agematched controls [29].”
BackgroundRosa‐Neto, P., Hsiung, G. R., Masellis, M., & participants, O. B. O. T. C. (2013) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt223 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Novel assays of misfolded protein for the detection of soluble Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 oligomers in CSF have shown promise in terms of greater accuracy in differentiating patients with MCI and AD from normal controls, as compared with the usual methods based on fibrillar forms of the peptide [15,78].”
BackgroundResultZetterberg, H., Lautner, R., Skillbäck, T. B., Rosén, C., Shahim, P., Mattsson, N., & Blennow, K. (2014) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800141-7.00005-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How many biomarkers to discriminate neurodegenerative dementia?
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease
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The Role of α-sheet in Amyloid Oligomer Aggregation and Toxicity.
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A Window into the Heterogeneity of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ Peptides
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“Nevertheless Gao and coworkers, using a novel misfolded protein assay, found an enrichment of Aβ40containing oligomers in AD CSF [78] and suggested these assemblies as biomarker for early diagnosis of AD.”
BackgroundField amplified sample stacking of amyloid beta (1-42) oligomers using capillary electrophoresis
Paracha, S., & Hestekin, C. N. (2016) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.4954051 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Greiner, E. R., Kelly, J. W., & Palhano, F. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105433 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Unusual molecular mechanism behind the thermal response of polypeptoids in aqueous solutions
Ma, J., Xuan, S., Guerin, A. C., Yu, T., Zhang, D., & Kuroda, D. G. (2017) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c6cp08536a · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Screening of sorbents for recovery of succinic and itaconic acid from fermentation broths
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Herpetosiphon Secondary Metabolites Inhibit Amyloid-β Toxicity in Human Primary Astrocytes
Dehhaghi, M., Panahi, H. K. S., Braidy, N., & Guillemin, G. J. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200116 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
da Rosa, M. I., Perucchi, J. L., Medeiros, L. R., Fernandes, B. B., dos Reis, M. E. F., & Silva, B. R. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132264 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mao, P. (2012) · Advances in Biological Chemistry · doi:10.4236/abc.2012.22022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hornemann, S., Schwarz, P., Rushing, E. J., Connolly, M. D., Zuckermann, R. N., Yam, A. Y.-W., & Aguzzi, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216013 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kasai, T., Tokuda, T., Taylor, M., Nakagawa, M., & Allsop, D. (2012) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.146 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, C., Jong, Y., Chao, Y.-Y., Wang, C., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-022-04350-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in the case of the clinical trial, the levels of AβO in AD patients were also found to be significantly higher than in healthy individuals [7, 8].”
BackgroundNew developments and concepts related to biomarker application to vaccines
Ahmed, S., BLACK, S. B., & Ulmer, J. B. (2011) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00277.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In Alzheimer’s disease, a potential biomarker (Ab40) has been discovered that may facilitate earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (Gao et al., 2010).”
BackgroundChallenges in understanding the structure/activity relationship of Aβ oligomers
Pilkington, A. W., & Legleiter, J. A. (2019) · AIMS Biophysics · doi:10.3934/biophy.2019.1.1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multivalent foldamer-based affinity assay for selective recognition of Aβ oligomers
Olajos, G., Bartus, É., Schuster, I., Lautner, G., Gyurcsányi, R. E., Szögi, T., Fülöp, L., & Martinek, T. A. (2017) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Direct and selective nanosensor for amyloid-β oligomers in serum for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis
Song, Q., Zhang, H., Lan, Y., Kong, J., Wong, M. S., & Li, H. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra01020a · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clinical significance of plasma candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Lewczuk, P., Łukaszewicz‐Zając, M., Kornhuber, J., & Mroczko, B. (2024) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.100675 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Pending Questions
Soto, C. A., & Mitchell, C. (2013) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interactions between gold nanoparticles and amyloid β 25–35 peptide
Peng, J., Weng, J., Ren, L., & Sun, L. (2014) · IET Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1049/iet-nbt.2013.0071 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Peptoid self-assembly and opportunities for creating protein-mimetic biomaterials and biointerfaces
yaagoubi, M. E., Tewari, K. M., & Lau, K. H. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102015-9.00006-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Webb, S. J. N., Chitta, S., Magden, E. R., & Simmons, J. H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318173 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Saeed, U., Swardfager, W., Black, S. E., & Masellis, M. (2017) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2414-6_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neuropathological Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis
Schneider, J. A., Montine, T. J., Sperling, R. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2012) · Advances in biological psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000335384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Amyloid-β in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of APP Transgenic Mice Does not Show Prion-like Properties
Skachokova, Z. K., Sprenger, F., Breu, K., Abramowski, D., Clavaguera, F., Hench, J., Staufenbiel, M., Tolnay, M., & Winkler, D. T. (2015) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205012666150710115022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
Rosén, C., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01225-4_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia
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In vitro screening on amyloid beta modulation of aqueous extracts from plant seeds
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“Yield was expressed as a gram of dry matter/mL. Yield was in the range of 0.137–0.246 g/mL. TPC was expressed as mg of chlorogenic acid equiv/g of dry matter [Table 1].”
InfluentialArtificial DnaJ Protein for protein production and conformational diseases
Hishiya, A., & Koya, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09067-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuroimaging and molecular biomarkers of dementia
Polyakova, T., & Араблинский, А. В. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20171176216-22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bioinspired Polymers for Regenerative Medicine
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Sancesario, G. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis · doi:10.4172/2155-9929.1000e107 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[7] developed a complex method using a synthetic ligand, the Aggregate Specific Reagent 1 (ASR1) that preferentially binds aggregated proteins over monomeric proteins.”
MethodAdvances in Alzheimer’s Disease Management
Gauthier, S. G., & Rosa‐Neto, P. (2012) · doi:10.2217/9781780840840 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sahoo, S., Balireddygari, L. R., Padhy, A. A., Kumari, S., Hegde, P., & Mishra, P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21809-5.00003-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Martone, R. L., Snyder, R. H., Xu, A. S. L., & Reams, R. Y. (2012) · Current Translational Geriatrics and Experimental Gerontology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-012-0015-4
“ent platforms have been developed to interrogate the ability of a test therapeutic compound to cause ostensibly therapeutic reductions in Aβ or Aβ oligomers [35, 36].”
BackgroundSPECIFIC AMYLOID-BETA OLIGOMERS IN HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Handoko, M. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
New Frontiers in Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis
Llorens, F., Nuhn, S., Peter, C., Zerr, I., & Stoeck, K. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/59652
Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - current
Rosén, C., Hansson, O., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2013)
Fluid Biomarkers and Diagnostics
Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802173-6.00021-6
Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Saeed, U., Swardfager, W., Black, S. E., & Masellis, M. (2017) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0370-7_8-1
- Authors
- Gao, C. M., Yam, A. Y., Wang, X., Magdangal, E., Salisbury, C., Peretz, D., Zuckermann, R. N., Connolly, M. D., Hansson, O., Minthon, L., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Fedynyshyn, J. P., & Allauzen, S.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Fedynyshyn, Joseph P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-12-30
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e15725
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3012719
- OpenAlex
- W2135057867
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, Aβ40, amyloid-beta 42, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, early diagnosis, amyloid plaques, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Epitopes, Brain, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Chemical, Molecular Conformation, Peptide Fragments, Peptides, Protein Conformation, Sensitivity and Specificity, Biomarkers, Amyloid beta-Peptides
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