A new stalked filter-feeder from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada
Open accessAbstract
Burgess Shale-type deposits provide invaluable insights into the early evolution of body plans and the ecological structure of Cambrian communities, but a number of species, continue to defy phylogenetic interpretations. Here we extend this list to include a new soft-bodied animal, Siphusauctum gregarium n. gen. and n. sp., from the Tulip Beds (Campsite Cliff Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation) of Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia). With 1,133 specimens collected, S. gregarium is clearly the most abundant animal from this locality.This stalked animal (reaching at least 20 cm in length), has a large ovoid calyx connected to a narrow bilayered stem and a small flattened or bulb-like holdfast. The calyx is enclosed by a flexible sheath with six small openings at the base, and a central terminal anus near the top encircled by indistinct openings. A prominent organ, represented by six radially symmetrical segments with comb-like elements, surrounds an internal body cavity with a large stomach, conical median gut and straight intestine. Siphusauctum gregarium was probably an active filter-feeder, with water passing through the calyx openings, capturing food particles with its comb-like elements. It often occurs in large assemblages on single bedding planes suggesting a gregarious lifestyle, with the animal living in high tier clusters. These were probably buried en masse more or less in-situ by rapid mud flow events.Siphusauctum gregarium resembles Dinomischus, another Cambrian enigmatic stalked animal. Principal points of comparison include a long stem with a calyx containing a visceral mass and bract-like elements, and a similar lifestyle albeit occupying different tiering levels. The presence in both animals of a digestive tract with a potential stomach and anus suggest a grade of organization within bilaterians, but relationships with extant phyla are not straightforward. Thus, the broader affinities of S. gregarium remain largely unconstrained.
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Daihua sanqiong is reconstructed as a sessile, polypoid organism that, like Xianguangia and Siphusauctum, used an extensive ciliary apparatus for filter feeding.
“Daihua sanqiong is reconstructed (Figures 2I and S4) as a sessile, polypoid organism that, like Xianguangia [13”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The Discussion (Mode of life; page unavailable) describes Siphusauctum as a semi-sessile filter feeder with extensive comb-like feeding structures. It proposes that putative cilia helped move food, but says the cilia were not preserved; it does not establish that Siphusauctum used an extensive ciliary apparatus. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSiphusauctum exhibits similar characters to Dinomischus: calyx, stalk, tentacles, tri-hexameric radial morphology, ciliary rows, oral cone, and outer sheaths.
“Siphusauctum exhibits similar characters to Dinomischus: calyx (conical structure, sensu O’Brien and Caron [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The Discussion (Biological affinities; page unavailable) compares Siphusauctum and Dinomischus as stalked animals with calyces, conical structures, and rings of feeding elements. It also identifies important differences: Siphusauctum has six feeding elements versus about 18–20 in Dinomischus, and Dinomischus apparently lacks an external sheath around its bracts. The cited passages do not establish shared tentacles, ciliary rows, or an oral cone. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe calyx forms a cone that extends up to the single apical opening, terminating in a pore that has been interpreted as an anus.
“The calyx forms a cone that extends up to the single apical opening, terminating in a pore (Figure 4B) that has been interpreted as an anus [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The Systematic Palaeontology description identifies an opening for the anus at the top of the calyx, supporting the apical-anus interpretation. But it describes the conical structure as the calyx’s rigid lower quarter, attached to the stem—not as a cone extending to the apical opening. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe dark lineations form a coupled set of lines that connect medially and laterally on either side of the axial groove.
“The dark lineations (transverse grooves in [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (Systematic Palaeontology; page unavailable) describe two symmetrical rows of transverse grooves on either side of a central longitudinal groove, and say the transverse grooves connect to a larger groove along the segments’ outer edge. The copy does not explicitly say that the grooves also connect medially across or to the axial groove. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe outer sheaths enclose the tentacles in a globular cavity with a single oral opening and six aboral openings at each tentacle base.
“The outer sheaths enclose the tentacles in a globular cavity with a single oral opening and six aboral openings at each tentacle base [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
In Results > Systematic Palaeontology (page unavailable), the paper describes an external sheath around a filtration chamber and six openings at its base, between comb-like segments. It does not place openings at tentacle bases: Discussion > Biological affinities says there is no evidence of oral tentacles, and the Results say the mouth’s precise position is unknown. The claimed single oral opening is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Each tentacle exhibits paired, transverse arrays of dark lineations connected to a medial dark line, referred to as the axial groove.
“Each tentacle exhibits paired, transverse arrays of dark lineations (“Cu” in Figure 4C) connected to a medial dark line, referred to as the axial groove [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (Systematic Palaeontology, “Comb-like segments”; page not provided) describe two symmetrical rows of transverse grooves beside a central longitudinal groove. The Figure 8 caption calls these axial grooves. The paper describes these features in the calyx’s comb-like segments, however, not in tentacles, and does not characterize them as dark lineations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSiphusauctum gregarium is an iconic taxon from the Burgess Shale Formation Tulip Beds.
“Siphusauctum gregarium is an iconic taxon from the Burgess Shale Formation Tulip Beds [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
These structures conform in dimensions to structures referred to as macrocilia in Xianguangia and striated structures in Siphusauctum.
“conform in dimensions to structures referred to as macrocilia in Xianguangia [13”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The outer sheaths are sometimes identifiable as discrete blades that flay open distally or form a continuous structure that creates a narrow, distal opening around the mouth.
“The outer sheaths are sometimes identifiable as discrete blades that flay open distally or form a continuous structure that creates a narrow, distal opening around the mouth (originally interpreted as the anus [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Medially, the outer sheaths form a discrete protrusion resembling the kinking in the outer sheaths in Daihua.
“Medially, the outer sheaths form a discrete protrusion [46”
From Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- O'Brien, L. J., & Caron, J.-B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- ORCID
- Caron, Jean-Bernard
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-01-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29233
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3261148
- OpenAlex
- W2091763056
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 37
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- FWCI
- 6.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Parks Canada
- University of Toronto (341944)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- new genus and species, Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, soft-bodied fossils, bilaterian evolution, gastrointestinal tract, gregariousness, phylogenetic relatedness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, British Columbia, Feeding Behavior, Fossils, Geography, Invertebrates, Models, Anatomic, Species Specificity, Extinction, Biological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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