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Impairments of Social Motor Coordination in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
It has been demonstrated that motor coordination of interacting people plays a crucial role in the success of social exchanges. Abnormal movements have been reported during interpersonal interactions of patients suffering from schizophrenia and a motor coordination breakdown could explain this social interaction deficit, which is one of the main and earliest features of the illness. Using the dynamical systems framework, the goal of the current study was (i) to investigate whether social motor coordination is impaired in schizophrenia and (ii) to determine the underlying perceptual or cognitive processes that may be affected. We examined intentional and unintentional social motor coordination in participants oscillating hand-held pendulums from the wrist. The control group consisted of twenty healthy participant pairs while the experimental group consisted of twenty participant pairs that included one participant suffering from schizophrenia. The results showed that unintentional social motor coordination was preserved while intentional social motor coordination was impaired. In intentional coordination, the schizophrenia group displayed coordination patterns that had lower stability and in which the patient never led the coordination. A coupled oscillator model suggests that the schizophrenia group coordination pattern was due to a decrease in the amount of available information together with a delay in information transmission. Our study thus identified relational motor signatures of schizophrenia and opens new perspectives for detecting the illness and improving social interactions of patients.
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“This finding is in line with imaging and TMS studies showing intact [14][15][16][17] or even enhanced 14,24 MNS activity in patients during action observation or imitation and with work done on social motor coordination in schizophrenia, where spontaneous coordination is preserved.62”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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“…þ u22x2 ¼ h2ðA2 þ B2½x2 x1 Þð _x2 _x1Þ (3b) Parameter hi (for the present purposes we take 0<hi <1) serves to scale the coupling strength inflicted on component i (for related modeling strategies in this context, see De Poel, 2016; Kelso, de Guzman, Reveley, & Tognoli, 2009; Varlet et al., 2012).”
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Chen, X., Chen, J., Liao, M., & Wang, G. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05472-8 · Cited by 17
“In addition, the motor synchrony breaks down during interactions involving persons with social pathologies, such as schizophrenia (Varlet et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGesture-speech synchrony in schizophrenia: A pilot study using a kinematic-acoustic analysis
Lozano-Goupil, J., Raffard, S., Capdevielle, D., Aigoin, E., & Marín, L. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108347 · Cited by 12
Lucarini, V., Grice, M., Wehrle, S., Cangemi, F., Giustozzi, F., Amorosi, S., Rasmi, F., Fascendini, N., Magnani, F., Marchesi, C., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116102 · Cited by 12
The Effect of Pairing Individuals With Different Social Skills on Interpersonal Motor Coordination
Mukai, K., Miura, A., Kudo, K., & Tsutsui, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01708 · Cited by 13
A systematic review of computational modeling of interpersonal dynamics in psychopathology
Zavlis, O., Story, G. W., Friedrich, C., Fonagy, P., & Moutoussis, M. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00465-9 · Cited by 13
“…three studies applied dynamical systems to reveal various pathogenic coordination markers, such as detached patterns in infants with autism 35 , motor incoordination in those with psychosis 36 and misaligned coregulation in those with borderline personality vis-à-vis their partners 37 .”
Influence of Internal and External Noise on Spontaneous Visuomotor Synchronization
Varlet, M., Schmidt, R. C., & Richardson, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2015.1050548 · Cited by 11
Aubin, L., Mostafaoui, G., Amiel, C., Serre, H., Capdevielle, D., de Menibus, M. H., Boiché, J., Schmidt, R. C., Raffard, S., & Marín, L. (2021) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00750-4 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, we know that unintentional coordination (using preferred frequencies) is not altered by schizophrenia [44].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMacpherson, M. C., & Miles, L. K. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104439 · Cited by 13
[Re]moving Bodies – A Shared Diminished Reality Installation for Exploring Relational Movement
Laroche, J., Vuarnesson, L., Endaltseva, A., Dumit, J., & Bachrach, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.539596 · Cited by 11
“…as relation can potentially be the locus of a variety of disorders related to disembodiment as well as “relational”syndromes (for schizophrenia, see Varlet et al., 2012; Kyselo, 2016; (for autism, see for example De Jaegher, 2013; Koch et al., 2015; Fitzpatrick et al., 2016; Peper et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNeurologically Motivated Coupling Functions in Models of Motor Coordination
Słowiński, P., Al-Ramadhani, S. T., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. T. (2020) · SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems · doi:10.1137/19m1279381 · Cited by 10
“3) might help to explain changes observed in coordination patterns in people with neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders [14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 31, 42, 45, 49, 57, 58].”
BackgroundMethodIndividual contributions to (re-)stabilizing interpersonal movement coordination
Peper, C. E., Stins, J. F., & de Poel, H. J. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.031 · Cited by 10
Fattal, J., McAdams, D. P., & Mittal, V. A. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106037 · Cited by 10
Broni, E., Ashley, C. N., Velazquez, M., Khan, S. A., Striegel, A., Sakyi, P. O., Peracha, S., Bebla, K., Sodhi, M., Kwofie, S. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612612 · Cited by 8
Collective Rhythm as an Emergent Property During Human Social Coordination
Farrera, A., & Ramos‐Fernández, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772262 · Cited by 10
Vial, I., Moskalewicz, M., Szuła, A., SCHWARTZ, M. A., & Fuchs, T. A. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1445615 · Cited by 7
Bardy, B. G., Salesse, R. N., Gueugnon, M., Zhao, Z., Lagarde, J., & Marín, L. (2014) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2014.6974004 · Cited by 7
“Research in this area has investigated whether such an informationally-based interpersonal entrainment can operate unconsciously in natural interactions, and has demonstrated that relative phase angles also concentrate around 0° and 180° when participants are not instructed to synchronize, or when they perform an expl…”
BackgroundCollaborative rule learning promotes interbrain information alignment
Moerel, D., Grootswagers, T., Quek, G. L., Smit, S., & Varlet, M. (2025) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003479 · Cited by 4
Effects of time-delay in a model of intra- and inter-personal motor coordination
Słowiński, P., Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. T., & Krauskopf, B. (2016) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2015-50327-6 · Cited by 6
“In this paper, we present a bifurcation study, by means of numerical continuation, of the HKB model with time delays that investigates further and explains simulation results in [31].”
MethodResultTwo dimensionless parameters and a mechanical analogue for the HKB model of motor coordination
Cass, J. F., & Hogan, S. J. (2021) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-021-00879-5 · Cited by 6
Gesticulation in individuals with at risk mental states for psychosis
Lopes-Rocha, A. C., Ramos, W. H. D. P., Argôlo, F. C., Gondim, J. M., Mota, N. B., Andrade, J. C., Jafet, A. F., de Medeiros, M. W., Serpa, M. H., Cecchi, G., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-023-00360-1 · Cited by 5
Lazzari, G., Sacheli, L. M., Benoit, C.-É., Lega, C., & van Vugt, F. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1472632 · Cited by 5
Yozevitch, R., Dahan, A., Seada, T., Appel, D., & Gvirts, H. Z. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37316-5 · Cited by 7
“IS is linked to prosocial behaviours 5,49 and reduced IS was found to be associated with deficits in social cognition, e.g., in schizophrenia 50–53 , in ASD 54,55 and in ADHD 56 .”
BackgroundRankins, E. M., Quinn, A., McKeever, K. H., & Malinowski, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1390212 · Cited by 5
“Synchrony can only be measured in dyads, and the standard for this type of task is to use a healthy individual as the other part of the dyad (37, 38).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA computational and multi-brain signature for aberrant social coordination in schizophrenia
Wang, Y., Wen, Y., Zheng, L., Ji, C., Lin, Z., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111225 · Cited by 5
Socio-Motor Improvisation in Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study in a Sample of Stable Patients
Salesse, R. N., Casties, J.-F., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.676242 · Cited by 5
"Synchrony" as a Way to Choose an Interacting Partner
Hasnain, S. K., Gaussier, P., & Mostafaoui, G. (2012) · HAL · Cited by 4
“Synchrony” as a way to choose an interacting partner
Hasnain, S. K., Gaussier, P., & Mostafaoui, G. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2012.6400882 · Cited by 4
“This study demonstrate that unconscious communication sustains even though patients suffering from social interaction disorders [5].”
Varlet, M., Schmidt, R. C., & Richardson, M. J. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5055-8 · Cited by 4
Understanding the motor dynamics of interpersonal interactions
Schmidt, R. C., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2014) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2014.6974002 · Cited by 4
“Similarly recent research on autism [5] and schizophrenia [19] has found that such relative phase dynamics may be an important behavioral marker for those deficits.”
BackgroundRhythms of interaction – the timescales of social coordination and why they matter
Hamilton, A. F. D. C., Southgate, V., Miskowiak, K. W., Bjertrup, A. J., Lomoriello, A. S., Felice, S. D., Liu, R., & Konvalinka, I. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106827 · Cited by 8
“Other studies found that spontaneous coordination is preserved in adults with schizophrenia, but intentional coordination was less stable(Varlet et al., 2012).”
Silverstein, S. M., Zolnik, T. A., Larkum, M. E., & Thompson, J. L. (2026) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2026.100165 · Cited by 4
“…violates a repeating stimulus pattern) (Catts et al., 1995; Mazer et al., 2024), reduced coordination in motor behavior (Carr and Wale, 1986; Varlet et al., 2012), disturbances in the experience of the temporal continuity of time (Vogeley and Kupke, 2007; Vogel et al., 2019; Fuchs, 2007;…”
Design and validation of feedback controller for social motor coordination with time-varying delays
Zhai, C., He, Y. M., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2021.104756 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Varlet, M., Marin, L., Raffard, S., Schmidt, R. C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J.-P., Del-Monte, J., & Bardy, B. G.
- Affiliations
- Université Montpellier 1 (FR)
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- College of the Holy Cross (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Varlet, Manuel
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-01-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29772
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3260163
- OpenAlex
- W2119382114
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 15.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-09-BLAN-0405)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, interpersonal coordination, coupled oscillators, dynamical systems, coordination stability, information transmission delay, social interaction deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Algorithms, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Movement, Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Schizophrenia, Social Behavior, Young Adult
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