Age differences in intra-individual variability in simple and choice reaction time: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Intra-individual variability in reaction time (RT IIV) is considered to be an index of central nervous system functioning. Such variability is elevated in neurodegenerative diseases or following traumatic brain injury. It has also been suggested to increase with age in healthy ageing. OBJECTIVES: To investigate and quantify age differences in RT IIV in healthy ageing; to examine the effect of different tasks and procedures; to compare raw and mean-adjusted measures of RT IIV. DATA SOURCES: Four electronic databases: PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science and EMBASE, and hand searching of reference lists of relevant studies. STUDY ELIGIBILITY: English language journal articles, books or book chapters, containing quantitative empirical data on simple and/or choice RT IIV. Samples had to include younger (under 60 years) and older (60 years and above) human adults. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS: Studies were evaluated in terms of sample representativeness and data treatment. Relevant data were extracted, using a specially-designed form, from the published report or obtained directly from the study authors. Age-group differences in raw and RT-mean-adjusted measures of simple and choice RT IIV were quantified using random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Older adults (60+ years) had greater RT IIV than younger (20-39) and middle-aged (40-59) adults. Age effects were larger in choice RT tasks than in simple RT tasks. For all measures of RT IIV, effect sizes were larger for the comparisons between older and younger adults than between older and middle-aged adults, indicating that the age-related increases in RT IIV are not limited to old age. Effect sizes were also larger for raw than for RT-mean-adjusted RT IIV measures. CONCLUSIONS: RT IIV is greater among older adults. Some (but not all) of the age-related increases in RT IIV are accounted for by the increased RT means.
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Older participants in the current study showed reduced CVs, in contrast to previous studies.
“However, in contrast to previous studies (Dykiert et al., 2012a), older participants in the current study showed reduced CVs.”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Dykiert et al., 2012a
We did not observe an increase in the CV of trial-to-trial RT variance with age.
“In contrast to previous studies (Dykiert et al., 2012a), we did not observe an increase in the CV of trial-to-trial RT variance with age.”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Dykiert et al., 2012a
The study found significant increases in SRT variance with age.
“As in previous studies (Deary and Der, 2005; Der and Deary, 2006; Dykiert et al., 2012a), we found significant increases in SRT variance with age.”
From Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time (2015) · cites this paper as Dykiert et al., 2012a
The study found significant age-related increases in SRT variance, and, in Experiment 2, increases in the CV as well, consistent with previous reports.
“We also found significant age-related increases in SRT variance, and, in Experiment 2, increases in the CV as well, consistent with previous reports (Dykiert et al., 2012a).”
From Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time (2015) · cites this paper as Dykiert et al., 2012a
The rate of age-related SRT slowing observed (mean 0.50 ms/year) was similar to that of Dykiert et al. (2012a), but considerably less than the slowing observed in other SRT studies.
“The rate of age-related SRT slowing that we observed (mean 0.50 ms/year) was similar to that of Dykiert et al. (2012a), but considerably less than the slowing observed in other SRT studies (Deary and Der, 2005; Reeves et al., 2007; Vincent et al., 2008; Deary et al., 2011).”
From Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time (2015) · cites this paper as Dykiert et al. (2012a)
The Discussion acknowledges that reaction times slow with age, but it does not give an annual rate of slowing. The Results (§3.1) quantify age differences in SRT intra-individual variability, not mean SRT slowing. Searches for 0.50 ms/year and an annual mean-SRT slope found no passage that could establish the claimed similarity. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Dykiert, D., Der, G., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dykiert, Dominika
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e45759
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3469552
- OpenAlex
- W2114369674
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Edinburgh (G0700704/84698)
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (G0700704/84698)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (G0700704)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (G0700704/84698)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- within-person variability, reaction time, age differences, healthy aging, older adults, choice reaction time, simple reaction time, central nervous system function, cognitive aging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Publication Bias
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