Development of Odour-Baited Flytraps for Sampling the African Latrine Fly, Chrysomya putoria, a Putative Vector of Enteric Diseases
Open accessAbstract
African pit latrines produce prodigious numbers of the latrine fly, Chrysomya putoria, a putative vector of diarrhoeal pathogens. We set out to develop a simple, low-cost odour-baited trap for collecting C. putoria in the field. A series of field experiments was carried out in The Gambia to assess the catching-efficiency of different trap designs. The basic trap was a transparent 3L polypropylene box baited with 50 g of fish, with a white opaque lid with circular entrance holes. We tested variations of the number, diameter, position and shape of the entrance holes, the height of the trap above ground, degree of transparency of the box, its shape, volume, colour, and the attractiveness of gridded surfaces on or under the trap. Traps were rotated between positions on different sampling occasions using a Latin Square design. The optimal trapping features were incorporated into a final trap that was tested against commercially available traps. Features of the trap that increased the number of flies caught included: larger entrance holes (compared with smaller ones, p<0.001), using conical collars inside the holes (compared with without collars, p = 0.01), entrance holes on the top of the trap (compared with the side or bottom, p<0.001), traps placed on the ground (compared with above ground, p<0.001), the box having transparent sides (compared with being opaque, p<0.001), and with no wire grids nearby (compared with those with grids, p = 0.03). This trap collected similar numbers of C. putoria to other common traps for blow flies. The optimum trap design was a transparent box, with a white plastic lid on top, perforated with 10 conical entrance holes, placed on the ground. Our simple trap provides a cheap, low-maintenance and effective method of sampling C. putoria in the field.
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Adult and larvae of Chrysomya putoria, Chrysomya marginalis, Musca spp, Lucilia cuprina, Sarcophaga spp have been reported in pit latrines.
“Adult and larvae of Chrysomya putoria, Chrysomya marginalis, Musca spp, Lucilia cuprina, Sarcophaga spp have been reported [80–82].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [82]
The Results (page not available) report trap catches of all five named fly groups. But the Study Sites section describes field trapping, including at a communal open-defaecation area; the paper does not report larvae of these groups or establish that all five were found in pit latrines. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTraps placed over the squatting plate hole have been developed and experimented with success at controlling insects in pit latrines.
“Traps placed over the squatting plate hole have also been developed and experimented with success at controlling insects in pit latrines [82].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [82]
The Introduction and Materials and Methods describe developing and field-testing a trap that could be installed on pit latrines. The paper tests fly-catching efficiency, not traps placed over squatting-plate holes or their success at controlling insects in pit latrines; the Discussion describes the trap as a method for collecting flies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Traps placed over the squatting plate hole have also been developed and experimented with success at controlling insects in pit latrines [82].”
BackgroundCharacteristics of Latrines in Central Tanzania and Their Relation to Fly Catches
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lindsay, T. C., Jawara, M., D’Alessandro, U., Pinder, M., & Lindsay, S. W.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- MRC Unit the Gambia (GM)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-11-30
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e50505
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3511572
- OpenAlex
- W2059399129
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 20 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1034747)
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Fogarty International Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Insects and Parasite Interactions
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect behavior and control techniques
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
- Keywords
- Chrysomya putoria, trap design, pit latrines, Calliphoridae, fish bait, low-cost sampling equipment, Gambia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diarrhea, Diptera, Gambia, Insect Control, Insect Vectors, Odorants, Toilet Facilities
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