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Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol

Williams, Monique, Villarreal, Amanda, Bozhilov, Krassimir, Lin, Sabrina, Talbot, Prue·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0057987PMC PMC3603976
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Figure 1 Cartomizer anatomy. (A) A dissected cartomizer. 1 = mouthpiece, 2 = air tube, 3 = solder joint between air tube and thick wire, 4 = solder joint between thick wire and filament, 5 = wick, 6 = filament, 7 = solder joint between the filament and thick wire, 8 = thick wire, 9 = solder joint where the thick wire would attach to the mouthpiece, 10 = inner fibers, 11 = black area on inner fibers, 12 = outer fibers with yellow electrophoretic band. (B) EDS spectrum showing that the filament is comprised of chromium and nickel. Insert shows the particulate surface of the filament. (C) Scanning electron micrographs (inserts) and EDS spectrum of the thick wire which is comprised of copper coated with silver. Asterisks (*) in the upper insert indicates area where silver coating is missing and copper wire is exposed; white box indicates the silver coating. Lower insert shows the surface of the copper wire at high magnification. (D) EDS spectrum showing that solder joints are comprised mainly of tin. Upper insert shows a typical poor quality solder joint between the filament and thick wire. Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in the lower insert and contains tin whiskers. (E–H) Images of fiber types, (E, F) inner fibers, and (G, H) outer fibers. (E, G) black deposits on fibers and (F, H) green coloration on both sets of fibers.
Figure 1 Cartomizer anatomy. (A) A dissected cartomizer. 1 = mouthpiece, 2 = air tube, 3 = solder joint between air tube and thick wire, 4 = solder joint between thick wire and filament, 5 = wick, 6 = filament, 7 = solder joint between the filament and thick wire, 8 = thick wire, 9 = solder joint where the thick wire would attach to the mouthpiece, 10 = inner fibers, 11 = black area on inner fibers, 12 = outer fibers with yellow electrophoretic band. (B) EDS spectrum showing that the filament is comprised of chromium and nickel. Insert shows the particulate surface of the filament. (C) Scanning electron micrographs (inserts) and EDS spectrum of the thick wire which is comprised of copper coated with silver. Asterisks (*) in the upper insert indicates area where silver coating is missing and copper wire is exposed; white box indicates the silver coating. Lower insert shows the surface of the copper wire at high magnification. (D) EDS spectrum showing that solder joints are comprised mainly of tin. Upper insert shows a typical poor quality solder joint between the filament and thick wire. Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in the lower insert and contains tin whiskers. (E–H) Images of fiber types, (E, F) inner fibers, and (G, H) outer fibers. (E, G) black deposits on fibers and (F, H) green coloration on both sets of fibers.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Elemental analysis of pellets, cartomizer fluid, and particles on fibers. (A and B) Supernatants and pellets obtained by centrifuging outer fibers (A) and inner fibers (B) (inserts). EDS spectra showing that the pellets are comprised mainly of tin. (C) Cartomizer fluid with particles inhibited hPF attachment dose dependently. (D) Cartomizer fluid with particles inhibited proliferation dose dependently. (E).Cartomizer fluid with tin particles had a stronger negative effect on hPF survival in the MTT assay than fluid without particles.
Figure 2 Elemental analysis of pellets, cartomizer fluid, and particles on fibers. (A and B) Supernatants and pellets obtained by centrifuging outer fibers (A) and inner fibers (B) (inserts). EDS spectra showing that the pellets are comprised mainly of tin. (C) Cartomizer fluid with particles inhibited hPF attachment dose dependently. (D) Cartomizer fluid with particles inhibited proliferation dose dependently. (E).Cartomizer fluid with tin particles had a stronger negative effect on hPF survival in the MTT assay than fluid without particles.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 EDS spectra of elemental analysis and SEM images of cartomizer fluid and particles on fibers. (A–B) Micrographs of white and black particles from cartomizer fluid (inserts) and spectra showing that the particles in fluid contained mainly tin. (C) Spectrum and micrograph (insert) of tin whiskers found in cartomizer fluid. (D) Spectrum and micrograph (insert) of inner fibers showing that the particulate deposition on the fibers is mainly tin. (E) Green outer fibers showing particles coating the fibers. (F) Micrograph (insert) and spectrum of green coated outer fibers. Particles are mainly tin with a trace of copper. (G) Green outer fibers after centrifugation, which removed green coloration. (H) Micrograph (insert) and spectrum of centrifuged outer fibers at higher magnification. Particles on the surface of the fibers are mainly tin, without copper.
Figure 3 EDS spectra of elemental analysis and SEM images of cartomizer fluid and particles on fibers. (A–B) Micrographs of white and black particles from cartomizer fluid (inserts) and spectra showing that the particles in fluid contained mainly tin. (C) Spectrum and micrograph (insert) of tin whiskers found in cartomizer fluid. (D) Spectrum and micrograph (insert) of inner fibers showing that the particulate deposition on the fibers is mainly tin. (E) Green outer fibers showing particles coating the fibers. (F) Micrograph (insert) and spectrum of green coated outer fibers. Particles are mainly tin with a trace of copper. (G) Green outer fibers after centrifugation, which removed green coloration. (H) Micrograph (insert) and spectrum of centrifuged outer fibers at higher magnification. Particles on the surface of the fibers are mainly tin, without copper.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Particulate material in the aerosol: Size distribution of particles in room air (A) and in aerosol (B) is expressed as number of particles/(cm3*logD). The number of particles/cm3 with diameters between logD1 and logD2 is equal to the area under the curve bounded by logD1 and logD2. (C–D) Low magnification SEM micrographs of particles from room air (C) and aerosol (D) viewed in the backscatter mode. (E–I) EDS spectra and SEM micrographs (inserts) of particles in aerosol. F (insert) shows aggregation of small silver particles. (J–M) EDS spectra and TEM micrographs (inserts) of tin (J–K), chromium (L), and nickel (M) nanoparticles in aerosol.
Figure 4 Particulate material in the aerosol: Size distribution of particles in room air (A) and in aerosol (B) is expressed as number of particles/(cm3*logD). The number of particles/cm3 with diameters between logD1 and logD2 is equal to the area under the curve bounded by logD1 and logD2. (C–D) Low magnification SEM micrographs of particles from room air (C) and aerosol (D) viewed in the backscatter mode. (E–I) EDS spectra and SEM micrographs (inserts) of particles in aerosol. F (insert) shows aggregation of small silver particles. (J–M) EDS spectra and TEM micrographs (inserts) of tin (J–K), chromium (L), and nickel (M) nanoparticles in aerosol.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Williams, M., Villarreal, A., Bozhilov, K., Lin, S., & Talbot, P.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-03-20
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
e57987
ISSN
1932-6203
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0057987
PMC
PMC3603976
Cited by
530
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)

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