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A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled treatment trials for depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychopharmacotherapy currently constitutes the first-line treatment for depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) however the efficacy of antidepressant treatments in PD is unclear. Several alternative treatments have been suggested as potentially more viable alternatives including dopamine agonists, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). METHOD: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials for depression and/or anxiety in PD was conducted to systematically examine the efficacy of current treatments for depression and anxiety in PD. RESULTS: Nine trials were included. There was only sufficient data to calculate a pooled effect for antidepressant therapies. The pooled effect of antidepressants for depression in PD was moderate but non-significant (d = .71, 95% CI = -1.33 to 3.08). The secondary effect of antidepressants on anxiety in PD was large but also non-significant (d = 1.13, 95% CI = -.67 to 2.94). Two single-trials of non-pharmacological treatments for depression in PD resulted in significant large effects; Omega-3 supplementation (d = .92, 95% CI = .15 to 1.69) and CBT (d = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.07), and warrant further exploration. CONCLUSIONS: There remains a lack of controlled trials for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for depression and anxiety in PD which limits the conclusions which can be drawn. While the pooled effects of antidepressant therapies in PD were non-significant, the moderate to large magnitude of each pooled effect is promising. Non-pharmacological approaches show potential for depression in PD however more research is required.
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“Evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in treating PD neuropsychiatric symptoms is mixed (Price et al., 2011”
From Remote delivery of psychological interventions for Parkinson's disease. (2018) · cites this paper as Troeung et al., 2013
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“Evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in treating PD neuropsychiatric symptoms is mixed (Price et al., 2011; Troeung et al., 2013), and concerns regarding unfavorable side effects, including exacerbation of motor problems in patients with complex medication regimes, have…”
BackgroundWhat a neurologist should know about depression in Parkinson’s disease
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“Although two meta-analyses concluded that SSRIs were effective (23, 24), others indicated that there was insufficient evidence to confirm an effect (8, 9).”
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Factors associated with life satisfaction in Parkinson's disease
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“For example, in the case of depression, which stands as one of the most debilitating condition world-wide (Lim et al. 2018), the evidence for genetic etiology is controversial and in most people, antidepressants work similarly well as placebos (Troeung et al. 2013).”
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Djamshidian, A., & Friedman, J. H. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0285-6 · Cited by 47
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“In agreement with these findings, another two meta-analyses confirmed the statistically insignificant efficacy of SSRIs and proposed that TCAs are more effective than SSRIs for PD depression [28,29].”
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Lintel, H. A., Corpuz, T. V., Paracha, S.-U.-R., & Grossberg, G. T. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887211018267 · Cited by 51
“This difference plays a significant role relative to subgroup analyses in a meta-analysis by Troeung et al.41 SSRIs are used commonly as first-line treatment and have been shown in some studies to be superior to placebo.”
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“A large placebo effect has been observed in many randomized studies of antidepressants in PD [85,86].”
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ResultCharacteristics and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
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“All other PD studies with SSRIs and SNRIs have focused on anxiety secondary to depression and have reported favorable outcomes; however, there is no robust empirical evidence to provide recommendations on choice of pharmacotherapy for anxiety in PD.(2,46)”
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Chikatimalla, R., Dasaradhan, T., Koneti, J., Cherukuri, S. P., Kalluru, R., & Gadde, S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.27750 · Cited by 45
“SSRIs (citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline) did not have the same effect [67].”
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“[20] reported a meta-analysis that showed there remained a lack of controlled trials for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for depression and anxiety in PD which limited the conclusions.”
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Mele, B., Holroyd-Leduc, J. M., Smith, E. E., Pringsheim, T. M., Ismail, Z., & Goodarzi, Z. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004771 · Cited by 36
“Despite this, there are fewer evidence-based treatment options for anxiety than for depression in PD.(10,11) Antidepressantmedications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, can improve anxiety symptoms as a secondary outcome in clinical trials in PD.”
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Emotional dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases
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“While the effect of depression treatment has not been specifically studied in ET patients, the effect size for the treatment of depressive symptoms with antidepressant medication in patients with Parkinson’s disease is moderate [33].”
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“Tricyclic antidepressants were more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.(182) However, concerns regarding tolerability and unwanted anticholinergic effects make tricyclics less favorable choices, especially for patients with cardiac problems, angle-closure glaucoma, urinary retention, and constipati…”
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“This has been shown in case reports, observational studies, and two meta-analyses [170–172].”
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A Systematic Review of Psychotherapy Approaches for Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease.
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“A meta-analysis by Troeung, Egan, Gasson and Zhang (2013) reported few controlled trials for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for depression and anxiety in PD, which limited any conclusions they could draw to inform clinical practice guidelines.”
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“Among the conventional meta-analyses that demonstrated that CBT had a significant positive effect on the improvement of depression (Troeung et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2020; Hong et al., 2021), a meta-analysis showed that CBT had a larger effect size than antidepressant treatments (Troeung et al.”
Leal, P. C., Bispo, J. M. M., Lins, L. C. R. F., Souza, M. F., de Gois, A. M., Moore, C., Marchioro, M., Ribeiro, A. M., Silva, R. H., Meshul, C. K., et al. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.009 · Cited by 19
Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Japanese Parkinson's disease patients: a pilot study
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“08), although not significant, which suggests the need for additional controlled research.(9,10) Concerns about side effects and polypharmacy are also consistently raised regarding the pharmacological treatment of dPD.”
Go natural and smarter: fenugreek as a hydration designer of collagen based biomaterials
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Motion and emotion: anxiety–axial connections in Parkinson’s disease
Šumec, R., Rektorová, I., Jech, R., Menšíková, K., Roth, J., Růžička, E., Sochorová, D., Dušek, L., Kaňovský, P., Rektor, I., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1652-0 · Cited by 16
“Meta-analysis of treatment trials for depression and anxiety in PD showed that there have been no randomized control trials of any treatment directly targeting anxiety in PD (Troeung et al. 2013).”
MethodRecognition and Treatment of Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: The NPF Dataset
Bega, D., Wu, S. S. X., Pei, Q., Schmidt, P. N., & Simuni, T. (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140382 · Cited by 15
“Currently, pharmacotherapy constitutes the first line treatment for depression in PD, although a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that only nine randomized placebo controlled trials employing standardized outcome measures of treatment efficacy could be identified [10].”
Shi, Y., Dobkin, R. D., Weintraub, D. A., Cho, H. R., Caspell‐Garcia, C., Bock, M., Brown, E. G., Aarsland, D., & Dahodwala, N. A. (2024) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.14145 · Cited by 16
Pharmacological interventions for anxiety in Parkinson’s disease sufferers
Sawada, H., Umemura, A., Kohsaka, M., Tomita, S., Park, K., Oeda, T., & Yamamoto, K. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1485650 · Cited by 15
New Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Kelberman, M. A., & Vazey, E. M. (2016) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-016-0071-0 · Cited by 13
Dupouy, J., Ory‐Magne, F., & Brefel‐Courbon, C. (2016) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2016.11.009 · Cited by 13
Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson disease psychopharmacology: Insights from circuit dynamics
Butala, A., Shepard, M. D., & Pontone, G. M. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00007-1 · Cited by 13
Effects of Health Qigong Exercise on Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Li, X., Taylor, A., Li, J., Wang, T., Kuang, J., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Liu, T., Qin, X., Lu, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2022.021508 · Cited by 12
Costello, H., Schrag, A. E., Howard, R. J., & Roiser, J. P. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00256-8 · Cited by 14
“However, current treatment guidelines for depression in PD advise the same approach as for depressed patients with other long-term conditions, despite evidence suggesting that standard antidepressant drugs are ineffective for these patients 8,9 .”
The Growing Role of Cognitive Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Lopes, S. R., Khan, S., & Chand, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887211018274 · Cited by 14
“In a metaanalysis that included randomized placebo controlled treatments for depression and anxiety in PD it was found that the pooled effect of antidepressants for depression in PD was moderate but non-significant and the secondary effect of antidepressants on anxiety in PD was large but also non-significant.(15) Co…”
ResultPeña, E., Mata, M. J. D., Manzanares, L. L., Kurtis, M. M., Eimil, M., Martínez‐Castrillo, J. C., Navas, I., Posada, I. J., Prieto, C., Ruíz-Huete, C., et al. (2018) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.02.017 · Cited by 13
“1% for depression(2)), and their significant impact on patients’ quality of life, they are often not adequately treated: it is estimated that only 20% of patients with PD presenting with anxiety or depression receive any type of medical or psychological treatment for these symptoms.(3) The basis of the problem is the…”
BackgroundSatisfaction with Care in Late Stage Parkinson’s Disease
Rosqvist, K., Hagell, P., Iwarsson, S., Nilsson, M. H., & Odin, P. (2019) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2019/2593547 · Cited by 10
“, serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and probably serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as well as through nonpharmacological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy [37] and exercise [38].”
BackgroundSpectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease — a Review
Rizvi, S. Z. H., Palimar, V., Gupta, C., & Andrade, L. S. (2024) · Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.17816/acen.1001 · Cited by 8
Wu, Z., Liu, C., Chan, V., Wu, X., Huang, F., Guo, Z., Liu, W., Lu, L., & Xu, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1462851 · Cited by 8
“In addition, the long-term use of these medications may result in adverse effect (Troeung et al., 2013).”
Vortioxetine Improved Depressive State In Parkinson’s Disease
Yoshimura, R., Ikenouchi, A., Okamoto, N., & Konishi, Y. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.15750 · Cited by 7
“However, several meta-analyses have suggested that the current evidence on the efficacy of TCAs and SSRIs in treating psychiatric symptoms is inconclusive [4-6,9-12].”
BackgroundImpaired reward sensitivity in Parkinson's depression is unresponsive to dopamine treatment
Costello, H., Yamamori, Y., Kieslich, K., Murphy, M., Bobyreva, K., Schrag, A. E., Howard, R. J., & Roiser, J. P. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf098 · Cited by 11
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Feasibility Study
Koszycki, D., Taljaard, M., Kogan, C. S., Bradwejn, J., & Grimes, D. (2022) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887221090220 · Cited by 7
“There is encouraging evidence that CBT adapted for PD may be an efficacious antidepressant treatment, with randomized trials demonstrating superiority of CBT relative to clinical monitoring,(23) treatment as usual,(24) and waitlist control.(25) However, we are unaware of any published research on the acceptability and…”
MethodNon-motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
Vuletić, V. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38606-1_9 · Cited by 6
Cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease
Austgen, G., & Marsh, L. (2022) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.009 · Cited by 6
Alborghetti, M., Barbieri, M. A., Nicoletti, F., & Spina, E. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2025.2566692 · Cited by 5
“Systematic reviews highlight the most effective options as citalopram, sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and desipramine [48,49].”
Current trends in the medical management of Parkinson's disease: implications for nursing practice
Magennis, B., Lynch, T., & Corry, M. (2014) · British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjnn.2014.10.2.67 · Cited by 5
Rosenblum, U., Cocks, A. J., Norris, M., Kal, E. C., & Young, W. R. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x251326266 · Cited by 4
Prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Renfroe, J. B., Turner, T. H., & Hinson, V. K. (2016) · Journal of Parkinsonism and Restless Legs Syndrome · doi:10.2147/jprls.s83165 · Cited by 5
“60 However, as discussed previously, the use of TCAs clinically is somewhat eschewed owing to their unfavorable side effect profile.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFeehan, S., & Kritzer, M. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1646733 · Cited by 3
“…shown that anxiety disturbances respond favorably to dopamine-or serotonin-targeting medications in some patients (Seppi et al., 2019; Troeung et al., 2013; Weintraub, 2020) for others these medications oer little to no symptom relief (Richard et al., 2012; Troeung et al., 2013; Weintraub, 2020).”
Placebo Responses in Trials of Parkinson’s Disease
Garg, S., & Mestre, T. (2025) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2025.08.003 · Cited by 3
Singian, K. R. P., Price, M., Bungay, V., & Wong, S. T. (2016) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20160052 · Cited by 3
Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease
Reynolds, G., Piers, R. J., & Cronin‐Golomb, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197564295.003.0010 · Cited by 3
Treatment Approaches To Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease
Maruca-Sullivan, P. E., Doumlele, K., Keller, S., & Wilkins, K. M. (2025) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-025-00436-z · Cited by 2
“An older meta-analysis indicated that CBT actually outperformed antidepressant medication in the treatment of depression in PD [153].”
Deurwaerdère, P. D., & Ding, Y. (2016) · Translational Neuroscience and Clinics · doi:10.18679/cn11-6030_r.2016.019 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, clinical reports are not always clear regarding the use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments, which would be controlled in trials[120].”
BackgroundTıwarı, R., Nandikola, J. R., Jothinathan, M. K. D., Shaik, K., Hemalatha, G., Dharani Prasad, P., & Mohan, V. K. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2025.2462915 · Cited by 11
Deurwaerdère, P. D., & Yuqiang, D. (2016) · Translational Neuroscience and Clinics · doi:10.18679/cn11-6030/r.2016.019 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Troeung, L., Egan, S. J., & Gasson, N.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Troeung, Lakkhina
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-11-13
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e79510
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3827386
- OpenAlex
- W2022947342
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, antidepressants, psychopharmacological treatment, dopamine agonists, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, cognitive behavioral therapy, omega-3 supplementation, non-pharmacological treatment, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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