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Almost All Antipsychotics Result in Weight Gain: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotics (AP) induce weight gain. However, reviews and meta-analyses generally are restricted to second generation antipsychotics (SGA) and do not stratify for duration of AP use. It is hypothesised that patients gain more weight if duration of AP use is longer. METHOD: A meta-analysis was conducted of clinical trials of AP that reported weight change. Outcome measures were body weight change, change in BMI and clinically relevant weight change (7% weight gain or loss). Duration of AP-use was stratified as follows: ≤6 weeks, 6-16 weeks, 16-38 weeks and >38 weeks. Forest plots stratified by AP as well as by duration of use were generated and results were summarised in figures. RESULTS: 307 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority were AP switch studies. Almost all AP showed a degree of weight gain after prolonged use, except for amisulpride, aripiprazole and ziprasidone, for which prolonged exposure resulted in negligible weight change. The level of weight gain per AP varied from discrete to severe. Contrary to expectations, switch of AP did not result in weight loss for amisulpride, aripiprazole or ziprasidone. In AP-naive patients, weight gain was much more pronounced for all AP. CONCLUSION: Given prolonged exposure, virtually all AP are associated with weight gain. The rational of switching AP to achieve weight reduction may be overrated. In AP-naive patients, weight gain is more pronounced.
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“lower BMI has been associated with higher risk of weight gain due to antipsychotics in meta-analyses20 and pooled analyses of brexpiprazole clinical studies.21”
From Brexpiprazole for the maintenance treatment of adults with schizophrenia: an evidence-based review and place in therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Of these risk factors, medication with antipsychotic drugs can be considered partly modifiable, as reducing doses or switching prescriptions only leads to moderate improvement of metabolic risk factors 10,11 .”
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“Numerous studies have shown virtually every antipsychotic to produce a clinically important body weight gain [34].”
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“…et al., 2021) The relationship between antipsychotic medication and mortality is complex; while antipsychotics can reduce overall mortality when managed correctly (Correll et al., 2022), prolonged use is linked with increased weight and metabolic issues (Bak et al., 2014; Bushe et al., 2012).”
Postural tachycardia in psychiatric inpatient eating disorders treatment
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“Higher weight and BMI are common antipsychotic side effects (Bak et al., 2014), and our fi ndings also suggest that postural tachycardia in eating disorders may have underlying contributors that are independent of malnutrition, such as medications.”
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“For example, side effects of psychotropic medication such as weight gain and metabolic disturbances can contribute to the development of physi - cal illnesses (Bak et al., 2014 ; Correll et al., 2015; De Hert et al., 2012 ).”
Loureiro, C. M., Fachim, H., Bissoli, G. C., Zuelli, F. M. D. G. C., Shuhama, R., Menezes, P. R., Louzada‐Júnior, P., Dalton, C., Reynolds, G. P., & Del‐Ben, C. M. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.02.011 · Cited by 1
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Behavioural Interventions for Weight Management Among Patients with Schizophrenia
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Synergistic Effects of Psychotropics Leading to Extraordinary Weight Gain
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Schizophrenia is associated with severe consequences
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Massive, Sustained Aripiprazole-Associated Weight Gain
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Kolind, M. I., Kruse, R., Petersen, A. S., Larsen, C. S., Bak, L. K., Højlund, K., Beier, C. P., Stenager, E. N., & Juhl, C. B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306408 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Bak, M., Fransen, A., Janssen, J., van Os, J., & Drukker, M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Máxima Medisch Centrum (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bak, Maarten
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-04-24
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e94112
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3998960
- OpenAlex
- W2089001223
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 362
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- antipsychotic drugs, weight gain, body mass index, antipsychotic switching, amisulpride, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, antipsychotic-naive patients, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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