The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sweetened Beverages, Coffee, and Tea and Depression Risk among Older US Adults
Open accessAbstract
Sweetened beverages, coffee, and tea are the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages and may have important health consequences. We prospectively evaluated the consumption of various types of beverages assessed in 1995-1996 in relation to self-reported depression diagnosis after 2000 among 263,923 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from multivariate logistic regressions. The OR (95% CI) comparing ≥4 cans/cups per day with none were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.17-1.44) for soft drinks, 1.38 (1.15-1.65) for fruit drinks, and 0.91 (0.84-0.98) for coffee (all P for trend<0.0001). Null associations were observed for iced-tea and hot tea. In stratified analyses by drinkers of primarily diet versus regular beverages, the ORs were 1.31 (1.16-1.47) for diet versus 1.22 (1.03-1.45) for regular soft drinks, 1.51 (1.18-1.92) for diet versus 1.08 (0.79-1.46) for regular fruit drinks, and 1.25 (1.10-1.41) for diet versus 0.94 (0.83-1.08) for regular sweetened iced-tea. Finally, compared to nondrinkers, drinking coffee or tea without any sweetener was associated with a lower risk for depression, adding artificial sweeteners, but not sugar or honey, was associated with higher risks. Frequent consumption of sweetened beverages, especially diet drinks, may increase depression risk among older adults, whereas coffee consumption may lower the risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The consumption of sweetened beverages (12), processed foods (defined as including sweetened desserts, refined grains, fried foods, processed meats, and highfat dairy products) (13), and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants, and other commercial baked goods) (14) has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies.”
From High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014296 · Cited by 2,527
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1079 · Cited by 2,116
Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review
Malik, V. S., Schulze, M. B., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 · Cited by 2,100
Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease
Ross, G. W. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.20.2674 · Cited by 778
Prospective Study of Caffeine Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Men and Women
Ascherio, A., Zhang, S. M., Hernán, M. A., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1052 · Cited by 677
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Genetic Risk of Obesity
Qi, Q., Chu, A. Y., Kang, J., Jensen, M. K., Curhan, G. C., Pasquale, L. R., Ridker, P. M., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203039 · Cited by 609
Design and Serendipity in Establishing a Large Cohort with Wide Dietary Intake Distributions
Schatzkin, A. G., Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Harlan, L. C., Tangrea, J. A., Hollenbeck, A. R., Hurwitz, P. E., Coyle, L. M., Schussler, N., Michaud, D. S., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/154.12.1119 · Cited by 608
Self-citationAssociation of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality
Freedman, N. D., Park, Y., Abnet, C. C., Hollenbeck, A. R., & Sinha, R. R. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1112010 · Cited by 597
Self-citationCoffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Tea Consumption in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Huxley, R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.439 · Cited by 476
A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States
Popkin, B. M., Armstrong, L. E., Bray, G. M., Caballero, B., Frei, B., & Willett, W. C. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.83.3.529 · Cited by 431
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–162 of 162
Green tea consumption and risk of depressive symptoms: Results from the TCLSIH Cohort Study
Dong, X., Gu, Y., Rayamajhi, S., Thapa, A., Meng, G., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Wu, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.112 · Cited by 8
Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Food–Mood Questionnaire for university students
Çin, N. N. A., Şeref, B., Özçelik, A. Ö., Atav, S., & Begdache, L. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021004377 · Cited by 7
Artificially Sweetened Beverages Beyond the Metabolic Risks: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Gil, T. E., & Gil, J. L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.33231 · Cited by 7
Shafiee, A., Aghajanian, S., Heidari, E., Abbasi, M., Jafarabady, K., Baradaran, S., & Bakhtiyari, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.036 · Cited by 7
Celep, E., & YEŞİLADA, E. (2017) · MARMARA PHARMACEUTCAL JOURNAL · doi:10.12991/mpj.2017.15 · Cited by 7
Kim, E., Robinson, N. M., & Newman, B. M. (2021) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.07.009 · Cited by 8
Acute Adverse Effects Related to Consumption of Nonnutritive and Low-Calorie Sweeteners
Haga, C. B., Tolaymat, L. M., Walker, A., Hedges, M. S., Yin, M., McManus, M. S., & Dawson, N. L. (2023) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001560 · Cited by 6
Bahrami, G., Mohammadifard, N., Haghighatdoost, F., Emamjomeh, A., Najafi, F., Farshidi, H., Lotfizadeh, M., Kazemi, T., Shafiei, S., Roohafza, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.033 · Cited by 5
Psychosocial Functioning, BMI, and Nutritional Behaviors in Women at Cardiovascular Risk
Eisenberg, K. N., Leiter, E., May, R. T., Reinfeld, T., & Zwas, D. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02135 · Cited by 5
Huang, Y., Ruan, S., Yang, Y., Liang, H. W., Chen, S., & Chang, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1484344 · Cited by 4
Intergenerational transition of successful ageing through familism across three nested generations
Sajjad, S., Malik, J. A., & Masood, M. (2025) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12562 · Cited by 4
Ransing, R. S., Menon, V., Kar, S. K., de Filippis, R., & Mohamed, W. M. Y. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5021-6_8 · Cited by 4
Qin, L., Zhao, B., Kang, M., Mao, T., Da, W., Che, Y., Wang, H., Li, Y., Feng, J., Gou, Y., et al. (2025) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100647 · Cited by 4
Soft drink consumption: Do we know what we drink and its implication on health?
Martín, I. S. M., Vilar, E. G., Barrado, M. R., & Barato, V. P. (2018) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-17158 · Cited by 4
Ali, S. S., Castleton, P., Meherali, K., Begum, M., Zhou, S. J., & Lassi, Z. S. (2025) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107478 · Cited by 3
Odum, U., & Schure, M. B. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182270 · Cited by 3
Cheah, W. L., Law, L. S., Bo, M. S., Gani, A., Andy, Y. L. L., ABİNG, M., & Yasin, N. (2023) · Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi · doi:10.20518/tjph.984189 · Cited by 3
Sajjad, S., & Malik, J. A. (2022) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150221106089 · Cited by 4
Koralnik, L. R., Lafont, E., Akerele, C. A., Bonner, M., Musselman, A., Ruby, E., Gonen, O., Lotan, E., Lee, J. J., Clemente, J. C., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.04.025 · Cited by 4
Franklin, J. L., Mirzaei, M., Wearne, T. A., Homewood, J., Goodchild, A. K., Haynes, P. A., & Cornish, J. L. (2016) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201600032 · Cited by 5
Copenhaver, R. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2429 · Cited by 3
WHAT PHYSICIANS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT COFFEE
Khalifa, A. A. (2022) · TURKISH MEDICAL STUDENT JOURNAL · doi:10.4274/tmsj.galenos.2022.09.01.02 · Cited by 2
Effect of Diet on Depression: A Review of Nutritional Solutions
Ahmadnia, H., Bahrami, H., & Mohamadzadeh, S. (2023) · World Nutrition · doi:10.26596/wn.202314128-57 · Cited by 2
Gentzel, M. (2024) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-024-10369-5 · Cited by 2
Begum, M., Zhou, S. J., Ali, S. S., & Lassi, Z. S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223963 · Cited by 2
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Incident Gastrointestinal Disease: A Large Prospective Cohort Study
Zhou, S., Hu, F., Long, Z., Huang, H., Li, D., Chu, M., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71271 · Cited by 2
Diet, Nutrition, and Depression
Yu, B., & Niu, K. (2015) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.02107 · Cited by 2
Tao, T., Shi, Y., Yang, Q., Li, S., Guo, X., & Pei, X. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01940-z · Cited by 1
Self-citationMengoa, M. G. R., Rangel, B. T., Garcia, A. A. M. N., Sugio, C. Y. C., Gomes, A. C. G., Sugio, C. T. C., Orikasa, G. T., & Neppelenbroek, K. H. (2022) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060221136356 · Cited by 1
Mirzababaei, A., Mehranfar, S., Shiraseb, F., Abaj, F., Hajishizari, S., Clark, C. C. T., & Mirzaei, K. (2023) · British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.15277/bjd.2023.425 · Cited by 1
Hall, S., Yuen, J. W. M., Hatton‐Jones, K. M., Anoopkumar‐Dukie, S., Arora, D. S., Desbrow, B., & Grant, G. D. (2025) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-025-01766-9 · Cited by 1
Di, K., Quynh, V. T., & Duc, T. Q. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo02164b · Cited by 1
Blumenthal, A., Eichner, G., Faßhauer, M., & Neumann, N. J. (2026) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-026-04084-7 · Cited by 1
Weintritt, L. S., Beiglböck, W., & Weber, G. (2021) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2020.0008 · Cited by 1
Jedut, P., Glibowski, P., Styk, W., & Iłowiecka, K. (2023) · Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu · doi:10.26444/monz/170102 · Cited by 1
Global research trends of literature in sugar-sweetened beverages: 2000–2016
Sawalha, A., Sweileh, W., Al‐Jabi, S. W., Zyoud, S. H., & AbuTaha, A. S. (2018) · Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) · doi:10.4103/kleuhsj.kleuhsj_2_18 · Cited by 1
Fulazzaky, T., & Fulazzaky, M. A. (2019) · European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejmed.2019.1.5.108 · Cited by 1
Nair, K. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35437-4_9 · Cited by 1
Uso de adoçantes dietéticos por usuários da Atenção Básica no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil
da Paz, B. M. S., & Costa, E. A. (2021) · doi:10.22239/2317-269x.01843 · Cited by 1
Elstgeest, L. E. M., Brouwer, I. A., & Visser, M. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000197 · Cited by 1
Dietary sugar intake: Public health perspective
Margina, D. M., & Ungurianu, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.00071-3 · Cited by 1
Chen, Y. A. (2017) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
Byl, N. N., Barbe, M. F., Dolan, C. B., & Glass, G. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-31072-7.00027-0
El-bakry, K. A.-E. K. M., Bahnasawy, M., El-Gammal, H., Ahmed-Farid, O. A., & Abou-khzam, B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2021.110106
Age Paradox: Depressive Symptomatology For Older Men and Women in TaiwanPreprint
Chiu, C., Tsai, C.-Y., & Tsai, T.-Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-605253/v1
Avaliação dos níveis nutricionais de chás industrializados
de Barros, D. D., Falcão, A. B. B., Catão, J. S. D. S. B., Ferreira, A. C. D., & Catão, M. H. C. D. V. (2021) · ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION · doi:10.21270/archi.v10i6.4997
The relationship of caffeinated beverages with depressive symptoms and decision-making
Çolak, H., Güreş, E. E., Sarıyer, E. T., Çevik, E., & Yangın, D. (2021) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-211532
Li, L., Xia, J., Huang, Z., Liu, W., Cui, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Zou, Y., Liu, W., & Qi, Z. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121469
Sugar-sweetened beverages and cognitive function in children
(2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-83252-064-2
Instituto de pesquisa café e saúde: Prevenção de doenças e melhora da qualidade de vida
Cunha, R. A., Rohden, F., & Souza, D. O. (2024) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45666
Tea consumption and depression
Yılmaz, M. V., Asil, E., & Uçar, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14158-4.00045-2
Mood Disorders and Carbohydrate Quality
Basturk, B., & Zeybek, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32047-7_27-1
Niewiadomska, I., Piskorska, B., & Chwaszcz, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93459-9_32
Oxidative stress contributes to coffee constituent toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Hall, S., Yuen, J. W. M., Anoopkumar‐Dukie, S., Arora, D. S., & Grant, G. D. (2025) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.1080/15376516.2025.2582660
Additional file 1 of Type of tea consumption and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults
Yao, Y., Chen, H., Chen, L., Ju, S.-Y., Yang, H., Zeng, Y., Gu, D., & Ng, T. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14670175
Self-citationChan, L., Hong, C.-T., & Bai, C.-H. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16726970
Cai, J., Wu, Q., Bekhit, A. E. A., Wang, J., Li, Y., Huang, R., Zhang, F., Xiao, H., Zhu, Z., & Ding, Y. (2026) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.004
Ouyang, Y., Liang, J., He, X., Song, X., Qi, T., Li, M., Feng, Y., Wu, S., Ding, Q., Sun, Z., et al. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/7404084
van Vuren, E. J., O'Neil, A. E., Ashtree, D. N., Lane, M. M., Orr, R., Pieters, M., & van Zyl, T. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/2938819
Metadata
- Authors
- Guo, X., Park, Y., Freedman, N. D., Sinha, R., Hollenbeck, A. R., Blair, A., & Chen, H.
- Affiliations
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- AARP (US)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Honglei
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-04-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e94715
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3990543
- OpenAlex
- W2108716947
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- sweetened beverages, coffee, tea, depression risk, older adults, soft drinks, fruit beverages, artificial sweeteners, sugar, honey, non-alcoholic beverages
- MeSH terms
- Coffee, Depression, Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Sweetening Agents, Tea, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review