Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
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OBJECTIVE: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which include soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, and energy and vitamin water drinks has risen across the globe. Regular consumption of SSBs has been associated with weight gain and risk of overweight and obesity, but the role of SSBs in the development of related chronic metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, has not been quantitatively reviewed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE database up to May 2010 for prospective cohort studies of SSB intake and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. We identified 11 studies (three for metabolic syndrome and eight for type 2 diabetes) for inclusion in a random-effects meta-analysis comparing SSB intake in the highest to lowest quantiles in relation to risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Based on data from these studies, including 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of type 2 diabetes, individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1–2 servings/day) had a 26% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest quantile (none or <1 serving/month) (relative risk [RR] 1.26 [95% CI 1.12–1.41]). Among studies evaluating metabolic syndrome, including 19,431 participants and 5,803 cases, the pooled RR was 1.20 [1.02–1.42]. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to weight gain, higher consumption of SSBs is associated with development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These data provide empirical evidence that intake of SSBs should be limited to reduce obesity-related risk of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Evidence links SSB consumption among adults to weight gain, cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
“Evidence has emerged linking SSB consumption to a number of health consequences among adults including weight gain [4, 5], cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) [6], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [7, 8] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [9].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
High and habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of total energy intake or body mass.
“The outcomes of epidemiological studies indicate that high and habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of total energy intake or body mass (77,82).”
From Gut mechanisms linking intestinal sweet sensing to glycemic control (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
The risk of diabetes reduces by 26% due to consumption of one sugar-containing beverage more than 1 month compared to one per day.
“Moreover, the risk of diabetes reduces by 26% due to the consumption of one sugar-containing beverage more than 1 month compared to one per day (158).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [158]
In a meta-analysis of prospective cohorts, higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake was associated with higher incidence of DM and metabolic syndrome.
“In a meta-analysis of prospective cohorts, higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake was associated with higher incidence of DM and metabolic syndrome.96”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [96]
A meta-analysis of 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of T2DM reported a 26% increased T2DM risk among those consuming 1-2 SSB servings/day compared to non-consumers.
“A meta-analysis of 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of T2DM reported a 26% increased T2DM risk among those consuming 1–2 SSB servings/day compared to non-consumers (128).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [128]
Individuals in the highest quantile of sugar-sweetened beverage intake (most often 1-2 servings/day) had a 26% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest (RR 1.26 [95% CI 1.12-1.41]).
“Our recent meta-analysis (13) found that individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1–2 servings/day) had a 26% greater risk of developing the disease than those in the lowest (relative risk [RR] 1.26 [95% CI 1.12–1.41]).”
From Globalization of Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CA)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2010-08-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2477-2483
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC2963518
- OpenAlex
- W2113024584
- Cited by
- 2,116
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 175 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 174 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 144 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 13.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES010126)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24 HD-050924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- sugar-sweetened beverages, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, soft drinks, fruit beverages, energy drinks, obesity, chronic metabolic diseases, beverage consumption, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Beverages, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Risk Factors, Dietary Sucrose, Metabolic Syndrome
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