The potential of a high protein-low carbohydrate diet to preserve intrahepatic triglyceride content in healthy humans
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Protein supplementation has been shown to reduce the increases in intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content induced by acute hypercaloric high-fat and high-fructose diets in humans. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a 12-wk iso-energetic high protein-low carbohydrate (HPLC) diet compared with an iso-energetic high carbohydrate-low protein (HCLP) diet on IHTG content in healthy non-obese subjects, at a constant body weight. DESIGN: Seven men and nine women [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 5 y; BMI: 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2] were randomly allocated to a HPLC [30/35/35% of energy (En%) from protein/carbohydrate/fat] or a HCLP (5/60/35 En%) diet by stratification on sex, age and BMI. Dietary guidelines were prescribed based on individual daily energy requirements. IHTG content was measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the dietary intervention. RESULTS: IHTG content changed in different directions with the HPLC (CH2H2O: 0.23 ± 0.17 to 0.20 ± 0.10; IHTG%: 0.25 ± 0.20% to 0.22 ± 0.11%) compared with the HCLP diet (CH2H2O: 0.34 ± 0.20 vs. 0.38 ± 0.21; IHTG%: 0.38 ± 0.22% vs. 0.43 ± 0.24%), which resulted in a lower IHTG content in the HPLC compared with the HCLP diet group after 12 weeks, which almost reached statistical significance (P = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS: A HPLC vs. a HCLP diet has the potential to preserve vs. enlarge IHTG content in healthy non-obese subjects at a constant body weight. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01551238.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous trials, albeit employing different dietary interventions compared with this study, demonstrated changes in liver fat concentration in healthy, non-NAFLD populations within timeframes of ≤12 wk.
“However, previous trials, albeit employing different dietary interventions compared with this study, demonstrated changes in liver fat concentration in healthy, non-NAFLD populations within timeframes of ≤ 12 wk (6, 38).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
Després, J.-P., & Lemieux, I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05488 · Cited by 4,354 · see citing works
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950 · see citing works
A biometric study of human basal metabolism
Harris, J. A., & Benedict, F. G. (1918) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Improved Method for Accurate and Efficient Quantification of MRS Data with Use of Prior Knowledge
Vanhamme, L., van den Boogaart, A., & Huffel, S. V. (1997) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1006/jmre.1997.1244 · Cited by 1,631 · see citing works
Szczepaniak, L. S., Nurenberg, P., Leonard, D. S., Browning, J. D., Reingold, J. S., Grundy, S. M., Hobbs, H. H., & Dobbins, R. L. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00064.2004 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c
渡辺, 光., Houten, S. M., Wang, L., Moschetta, A., Mangelsdorf, D. J., Heyman, R. A., Moore, D. D., & Auwerx, J. H. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21025 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Java-based graphical user interface for the MRUI quantitation package
Naressi, A., Couturier, C., Devos, J. M., Janssen, M., Mangeat, C., de Beer, R., & Graveron‐Demilly, D. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02668096 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity
Fabbrini, E., Magkos, F., Mohammed, B. S., Pietka, T., Abumrad, N. A., Patterson, B. W., Okunade, A., & Klein, S. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904944106 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Parks, E. J., & Hellerstein, M. K. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.412 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
In vivo characterization of the liver fat 1H MR spectrum
Hamilton, G., Yokoo, T., Bydder, M., Cruite, I., Schroeder, M. E., Sirlin, C. B., & Middleton, M. S. (2010) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1622 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health.
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lemmens, S. G., & Westerterp, K. R. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002589 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationBoesch, C., Slotboom, J., Hoppeler, H. H., & Kreis, R. (1997) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910370403 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Human fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet.
Hudgins, L., Hellerstein, M. K., Seidman, C. E., Neese, R. A., Diakun, J., & Hirsch, J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118645 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Schick, F., Eismann, B., Jung, W., Bongers, H., Bunse, M., & Lutz, O. (1993) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910290203 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Westerterp, K. R., Wouters, L., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00007.x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Schwarz, J., Neese, R. A., Turner, S., Dare, D., & Hellerstein, M. K. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118342 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Hudgins, L. C., Hellerstein, M. K., Seidman, C. E., Neese, R. A., Tremaroli, J. D., & Hirsch, J. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32407-x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet
Veldhorst, M. A., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., & Westerterp, K. R. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27834 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh protein intake reduces intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in humans
Bortolotti, M., Kreis, R., Debard, C., Cariou, B., Faeh, D., Chetiveaux, M., Ith, M., Vermathen, P., Stefanoni, N., Lê, K.-A., et al. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27296 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Validity of a Physical Activity Computer Questionnaire in 12- to 18-year-old Boys and Girls
Philippaerts, R. M., Matton, L., Wijndaele, K., Balduck, A.-L., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Lefevre, J. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2005-837619 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Ectopic fat and insulin resistance
Lettner, A., & Roden, M. (2008) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effect of Protein Ingestion on the Glucose Appearance Rate in People with Type 2 Diabetes1
Gannon, M. C., Nuttall, J. A., Damberg, G., Gupta, V., & Nuttall, F. Q. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.3.7263 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Magkos, F., Fabbrini, E., Mohammed, B. S., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.90 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Intramyocellular lipid content is increased after exercise in nonexercising human skeletal muscle
Schrauwen‐Hinderling, V. B., van Loon, L. J. C., Koopman, R., Nicolay, K., Saris, W. H. M., & Kooi, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00304.2003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effect of Protein Ingestion on the Glucose Appearance Rate in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Gannon, M. C. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.3.1040 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Effects of a whey protein supplementation on intrahepatocellular lipids in obese female patients
Bortolotti, M., Maiolo, E. M., Corazza, M., Dijke, E. V., Schneiter, P., Boss, A., Carrel, G., Giusti, V., Lê, K., Chong, D. G., et al. (2011) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Carbohydrates, Appetite and Feeding Behavior in Humans
Stubbs, R. J., Mazlan, N., & Whybrow, S. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.2775s · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Theytaz, F., Noguchi, Y., Egli, L., Campos, V. C., Buehler, T., Hodson, L., Patterson, B. W., Nishikata, N., Kreis, R., Mittendorfer, B., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.035139 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dietary fat and body fat: an intervention study.
Westerterp, K. R., de Venne, W. P. H. G. V., Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S., Wierik, E. J. V.-T., de Graaf, C., & Weststrate, J. A. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationAgius, L. (2012) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.019 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perception, passive overfeeding and energy metabolism
Westerterp, K. R. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.12.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Diets for body weight control and health: the potential of changing the macronutrient composition
Acheson, K. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.194 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Role of Dietary Protein on Lipotoxicity
Torres, N., & Tovar, A. R. (2008) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00330.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Dietary Protein on Lipotoxicity
Torres, N., & Tovar, A. R. (2007) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2007.jun.s64-s68 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stonehouse, W., Sergi, D., Benassi-Evans, B., James-Martin, G., Johnson, N., Thompson, C. H., & Abeywardena, M. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa347 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Martens, E. A., Gatta-Cherifi, B., Gonnissen, H. K., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Martens, Eveline A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-10-16
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e109617
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4199596
- OpenAlex
- W2047174361
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission (266408)
- Société Française d’Endocrinologie
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- high-protein low-carbohydrate diet, intrahepatic triglyceride, hepatic steatosis, protein supplementation, dietary fat, dietary carbohydrates, 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liver fat
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Weight, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Triglycerides, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
