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Cited by 112Fatty Acid Research and HealthDiet, Metabolism, and DiseaseDiet and metabolism studies

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Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

Open access
Volk, Brittanie M., Kunces, Laura J., Freidenreich, Daniel J., Kupchak, Brian R., Saenz, Catherine, Artistizabal, Juan C., Fernandez, Maria Luz, Bruno, Richard S., Maresh, Carl M., Kraemer, William J., Phinney, Stephen D., Volek, Jeff S.·2014·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113605PMC PMC4240601
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Abstract

Recent meta-analyses have found no association between heart disease and dietary saturated fat; however, higher proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) predict greater risk for developing type-2 diabetes and heart disease. These observations suggest a disconnect between dietary saturated fat and plasma SFA, but few controlled feeding studies have specifically examined how varying saturated fat intake across a broad range affects circulating SFA levels. Sixteen adults with metabolic syndrome (age 44.9±9.9 yr, BMI 37.9±6.3 kg/m2) were fed six 3-wk diets that progressively increased carbohydrate (from 47 to 346 g/day) with concomitant decreases in total and saturated fat. Despite a distinct increase in saturated fat intake from baseline to the low-carbohydrate diet (46 to 84 g/day), and then a gradual decrease in saturated fat to 32 g/day at the highest carbohydrate phase, there were no significant changes in the proportion of total SFA in any plasma lipid fractions. Whereas plasma saturated fat remained relatively stable, the proportion of palmitoleic acid in plasma triglyceride and cholesteryl ester was significantly and uniformly reduced as carbohydrate intake decreased, and then gradually increased as dietary carbohydrate was re-introduced. The results show that dietary and plasma saturated fat are not related, and that increasing dietary carbohydrate across a range of intakes promotes incremental increases in plasma palmitoleic acid, a biomarker consistently associated with adverse health outcomes.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0113605

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Figure 1 Experimental approach. CHO = carbohydrate, SFA = saturated fat.
Figure 1 Experimental approach. CHO = carbohydrate, SFA = saturated fat.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Cumulative change from baseline in (A) body mass and fat mass from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, (B) fasting lipoproteins, (C) insulin resistance determined from homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), and (D) blood pressure in 16 subjects who switched to a very low carbohydrate diet and then incrementally increased carbohydrate every 3 wk over six sequential phases (C1→C2→C3→C4→C5→C6). BL = baseline, FL = free-living low-carbohydrate diet). Significant differences from Baseline vs C1 were determined by dependent t-test and indicated by an asterisk. Differences from C1 to C6 were determined by repeated measures ANOVA and Fisher's LSD post hoc. Different letters at a time point indicate statistical significance.
Figure 2 Cumulative change from baseline in (A) body mass and fat mass from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, (B) fasting lipoproteins, (C) insulin resistance determined from homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), and (D) blood pressure in 16 subjects who switched to a very low carbohydrate diet and then incrementally increased carbohydrate every 3 wk over six sequential phases (C1→C2→C3→C4→C5→C6). BL = baseline, FL = free-living low-carbohydrate diet). Significant differences from Baseline vs C1 were determined by dependent t-test and indicated by an asterisk. Differences from C1 to C6 were determined by repeated measures ANOVA and Fisher's LSD post hoc. Different letters at a time point indicate statistical significance.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 (A) Change from baseline in plasma palmitoleic acid (16∶1) in triglyceride (TG) and cholesteryl ester (CE) in subjects who consumed a very low carbohydrate diet (C1) and then gradually transitioned to a high carbohydrate diet over six sequential phases (C1→C2→C3→C4→C5→C6). (B) Individual responses in plasma TG 16∶1 from C1 to C4 to C6 corresponding to 47, 179, and 344 g carbohydrate/day. Open circles are subjects who went from low- to high-carbohydrate, and shaded triangles are subjects who went from high- to low-carbohydrate intake.
Figure 3 (A) Change from baseline in plasma palmitoleic acid (16∶1) in triglyceride (TG) and cholesteryl ester (CE) in subjects who consumed a very low carbohydrate diet (C1) and then gradually transitioned to a high carbohydrate diet over six sequential phases (C1→C2→C3→C4→C5→C6). (B) Individual responses in plasma TG 16∶1 from C1 to C4 to C6 corresponding to 47, 179, and 344 g carbohydrate/day. Open circles are subjects who went from low- to high-carbohydrate, and shaded triangles are subjects who went from high- to low-carbohydrate intake.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Volk, B. M., Kunces, L. J., Freidenreich, D. J., Kupchak, B. R., Saenz, C., Artistizabal, J. C., Fernandez, M. L., Bruno, R. S., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., Phinney, S. D., & Volek, J. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Connecticut (US)
  • The Ohio State University (US)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author
Volek, Jeff S.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-11-21
Volume
9
Issue
11
Pages
e113605
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0113605
PMC
PMC4240601
OpenAlex
W1982129099
Cited by
112
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9
FWCI
9.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Ohio State University
  • Egg Nutrition Center
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
Keywords
dietary carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid, metabolic syndrome, plasma lipids, low-carbohydrate diet, dietary fat intake, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol esters, cardiovascular risk markers
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome

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