Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets

Volek, Jeff S.; Sharman, Matthew J.; Forsythe, Cassandra E.

doi:10.1093/jn/135.6.1339

Cited by 159Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets

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Volek, Jeff S., Sharman, Matthew J., Forsythe, Cassandra E.·2005·The Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/jn/135.6.1339

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Abstract

Very low-carbohydrate diets (VLCDs) are popular, but remain controversial. This review summarizes the latest studies that have examined the effects of VLCDs on lipoproteins and related risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Prospective studies indicate that VLCDs improve the lipoprotein profile independently of weight loss. Although not as effective at lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), VLCDs consistently improve postabsorptive and postprandial triacylglycerols (TAGs), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and the distribution of LDL-C subfractions to a greater extent than low-fat diets. VLCDs also improve proinflammatory markers when associated with weight loss. Studies usually report mean lipid responses, but individual data indicate a large degree of variability in the magnitude and in some cases the direction (e.g., LDL-C) of lipoprotein responses to both low-fat and VLCDs. Such variability makes it hard to defend a single diet recommendation, especially considering the potential for low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets to exacerbate TAG, HDL-C, and other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Considering the effectiveness of VLCDs in promoting fat loss and improving the metabolic syndrome, discounting or condemning their use is unjustified. We encourage a more unbiased, balanced appraisal of VLCDs.

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The preservation of circulating HDL-C and the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect of a VLCKD might be explained by the reduction in postprandial lipaemia.
“As discussed by Volek et al. (33) , the preservation of the circulating HDL-C and the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect of a VLCKD might be explained by the reduction in the dieting individuals' postprandial lipaemia.”
From Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet <i>v.</i> low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Hypocaloric high-protein/low carbohydrate diet appears to generate the greatest ES for change relative to all hypocaloric and low fat diets.
“a hypocaloric high-protein/low carbohydrate diet appears to generate the greatest ES for change relative to all hypocaloric, and low fat, diets.”
From Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18–65 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [63]

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Authors: Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., & Forsythe, C. E.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Corresponding author: Volek, Jeff S.
ORCID: Volek, Jeff S.
Sharman, Matthew J.
Venue: The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 135
Issue: 6
Pages: 1339-1342
ISSN: 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1339
OpenAlex: W2147851061
Cited by: 159
References: 40
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 1.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 6454 d)
Locations: Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords: very low carbohydrate diet, lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL subfractions, cardiovascular risk factors, weight loss, pro-inflammatory markers, metabolic syndrome, low-fat diet
MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Lipoproteins

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Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets

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