Plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids as predictors of type 2 diabetes: interpreting the role of linoleic acid
Open accessAbstract
Background Dietary fatty acids may be associated with diabetes but are difficult to measure accurately.Objective We aimed to investigate the associations of fatty acids in plasma and diet with diabetes incidence.Design This was a prospective case-cohort study of 3737 adults aged 36-72 y. Fatty acid intake (/kJ) and plasma phospholipid fatty acids (%) were measured at baseline, and diabetes incidence was assessed by self-report 4 y later. Logistic regression excluding (model 1) and including (model 2) body mass index and waist-hip ratio was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids.Results In plasma phospholipid, positive associations with diabetes were seen for stearic acid [OR model 1, highest versus lowest quintile: 4.14 (95% CI: 2.65, 6.49), P for trend < 0.0001] and total saturated fatty acids [OR model 1: 3.76 (2.43, 5.81), P for trend < 0.0001], whereas an inverse association was seen for linoleic acid [OR model 1: 0.22 (0.14, 0.36), P for trend < 0.0001]. Dietary linoleic [OR model 1: 1.77 (1.19, 2.64), P for trend = 0.002], palmitic [OR model 1: 1.65 (1.12, 2.43), P for trend = 0.012], and stearic [OR model 1: 1.46 (1.00, 2.14), P for trend = 0.030] acids were positively associated with diabetes incidence before adjustment for body size. Within each quintile of linoleic acid intake, cases had lower baseline plasma phospholipid linoleic acid proportions than did controls.Conclusions Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with diabetes risk. More research is required to determine whether linoleic acid is an appropriate dietary substitute.
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Combination therapy with any two glucose-lowering agents is effective for lowering glucose levels.
“While combination therapy with any two agents has been shown to be effective for lowering glucose levels 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , combination therapy with three or more agents (other than SU/glinide or DPP‐4 inhibitor/GLP‐1 receptor agonist combinations) has also been shown to be effective for lowering glucose levels 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [36]
Poor working environments or social environments may constitute an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
“Poor working environments 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 or social environments 40 , 41 may constitute an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes.”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Hodge, A. M., English, D. R., O’Dea, K., Sinclair, A. J., Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., & Giles, G. G.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hodge, Allison M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-197
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125895299
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, plasma phospholipid fatty acids, dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, diabetes risk, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, dietary fat intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Phospholipids, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Victoria, Cohort Studies, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Linoleic Acid
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