Low Maternal Vitamin D Status during the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Wuxi, China
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women, but an optimal serum vitamin D level during pregnancy has not been determined and remains an area of active research. Vitamin D data from large populations of pregnant Chinese women are still limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vitamin D status of women in Eastern China during the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A hospital-based, cross-sectional, observational study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration was measured in samples from 5823 pregnant women in Wuxi City, China (latitude: 31.5o N), from January 2011 to June 2012. RESULTS: The median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 34.0 nmol/L [2.5 nmol/L 25(OH)D = 1 ng/mL 25(OH)D]. Vitamin D deficiency [defined as 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L according to the Institute of Medicine (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA)] or inadequacy [25(OH)D of 30-49.9 nmol/L] was identified in 40.7% and 38.0% of the women, respectively. Only 0.9% had a 25(OH)D level ≥ 80.0 nmol/L, which is the concentration recommended as adequate by the Endocrine Society (Washington, D.C., USA). Compared with older women, younger women were more likely to be deficient in vitamin D. There were significant differences in the 25(OH)D levels according to season. The 25(OH)D levels reached peak values in September and were correlated with (r = 0.337, P < 0.001), and fluctuated with, average monthly air temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant Chinese women, and 25(OH)D levels varied according to season and air temperature. The results of this study also suggest that currently there is a big gap between the levels of Vitamin D detected in pregnant Chinese women and the levels recommended by the Endocrine Society.
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The low prevalence estimates for AD in China and PDD in Iran and UAE despite high prevalence of low vitamin D status may be due to methodological issues (screening and diagnostic characteristics) and underreporting.
“However, the low prevalence estimate for AD in China and PDD in Iran and UAE despite having high prevalence of low vitamin D status [56,57,58] may be due to methodological issues (screening and diagnostic characteristics) and underreporting.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Xiao, J.-P., Zang, J., Pei, J.-J., Xu, F., Zhu, Y., & Liao, X.-P.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Liao, Xiang-Peng
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-02-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0117748
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4320063
- OpenAlex
- W2079936716
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Jiangsu Science and Technology Department (BL2014025)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy, second trimester, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum vitamin D levels, seasonal variation, air temperature, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency
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