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Cited by 625

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Trees Grow on Money: Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Environmental Justice

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Schwarz, Kirsten, Fragkias, Michail, Boone, Christopher G., Zhou, Weiqi, McHale, Melissa, Grove, J. Morgan, O’Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, McFadden, Joseph P., Buckley, Geoffrey L., Childers, Dan, Ogden, Laura, Pincetl, Stephanie, Pataki, Diane, Whitmer, Ali, Cadenasso, Mary L.·2015·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0122051
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Abstract

This study examines the distributional equity of urban tree canopy (UTC) cover for Baltimore, MD, Los Angeles, CA, New York, NY, Philadelphia, PA, Raleigh, NC, Sacramento, CA, and Washington, D.C. using high spatial resolution land cover data and census data. Data are analyzed at the Census Block Group levels using Spearman's correlation, ordinary least squares regression (OLS), and a spatial autoregressive model (SAR). Across all cities there is a strong positive correlation between UTC cover and median household income. Negative correlations between race and UTC cover exist in bivariate models for some cities, but they are generally not observed using multivariate regressions that include additional variables on income, education, and housing age. SAR models result in higher r-square values compared to the OLS models across all cities, suggesting that spatial autocorrelation is an important feature of our data. Similarities among cities can be found based on shared characteristics of climate, race/ethnicity, and size. Our findings suggest that a suite of variables, including income, contribute to the distribution of UTC cover. These findings can help target simultaneous strategies for UTC goals and environmental justice concerns.

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Metadata

Authors
Schwarz, K., Fragkias, M., Boone, C. G., Zhou, W., McHale, M., Grove, J. M., O’Neil-Dunne, J., McFadden, J. P., Buckley, G. L., Childers, D., Ogden, L., Pincetl, S., Pataki, D., Whitmer, A., & Cadenasso, M. L.
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2015-04-01
Volume
10
Issue
4
Pages
e0122051
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0122051
OpenAlex
W2159659225
Cited by
625
References
2
FWCI
135.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Trees Grow on Money: Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Environmental Justice. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1371/journal.pone.0122051
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Schwarz, K., Fragkias, M., Boone, C. G., Zhou, W., McHale, M., Grove, J. M., O’Neil-Dunne, J., McFadden, J. P., Buckley, G. L., Childers, D., Ogden, L., Pincetl, S., Pataki, D., Whitmer, A., & Cadenasso, M. L. (2015). Trees Grow on Money: Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Environmental Justice. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122051

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