Men’s facial width-to-height ratio predicts aggression: a meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research has identified men's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) as a reliable predictor of aggressive tendencies and behavior. Other research, however, has failed to replicate the fWHR-aggression relationship and has questioned whether previous findings are robust. In the current paper, we synthesize existing work by conducting a meta-analysis to estimate whether and how fWHR predicts aggression. Our results indicate a small, but significant, positive relationship between men's fWHR and aggression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Living adult males with relatively narrower faces tend both to be less reactively aggressive and to be perceived as being less aggressive, to the point of being assessed as having more human-like minds.
“In support of the behavioral significance of recent anatomical changes, living adult males with relatively narrower faces tend both to be less reactively aggressive and to be perceived as being less aggressive (Carré and McCormick, 2008; Haselhuhn et al., 2015), to the point of being assessed as having more human-like minds (Deska et al., 2018).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Haselhuhn et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
A Fail-Safe N for Effect Size in Meta-Analysis
Orwin, R. G. (1983) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164923 · Cited by 2,064 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To detect the risk of potential publication bias, we followed Orwin’s [29] suggested procedure to determine the number of additional studies showing null effects that would need to be included in order for the mean effect size to reduce substantially (in this case, in half).”
MethodValid Facial Cues to Cooperation and Trust
Stirrat, M., & Perrett, D. I. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610362647 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
A Fail-Safe N for Effect Size in Meta-Analysis
Orwin, R. G. (1983) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986008002157 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0873 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Facial Structure Is a Reliable Cue of Aggressive Behavior
Carré, J. M., McCormick, C. M., & Mondloch, C. J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02423.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Accurate Social Perception at Zero Acquaintance: The Affordances of a Gibsonian Approach
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Collins, M. A. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0103_2 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Telling facial metrics: facial width is associated with testosterone levels in men
Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Perrett, D. I., & Penke, L. (2013) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.03.005 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Bad to the bone: facial structure predicts unethical behaviour
Haselhuhn, M. P., & Wong, E. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1193 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationA Face Only an Investor Could Love
Wong, E. M., Ormiston, M. E., & Haselhuhn, M. P. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611418838 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citation"Wide-Eyed" and "Crooked-Faced": Determinants of Perceived and Real Honesty Across the Life Span
Zebrowitz, L. A., Voinescu, L., & Collins, M. A. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672962212006 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Face of a fighter: Bizygomatic width as a cue of formidability
Zilioli, S., Sell, A. N., Stirrat, M., et al. (2014) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21544 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Özener, B. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.08.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Face Structure Predicts Cooperation
Stirrat, M., & Perrett, D. I. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611435133 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Body weight, not facial width-to-height ratio, predicts aggression in pro hockey players
Deaner, R. O., Goetz, S. M. M., Shattuck, K. S., & Schnotala, T. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zebrowitz, L. A., Andreoletti, C., Collins, M. A., Lee, S. Y., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1300 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Stirrat, M., Stulp, G., & Pollet, T. V. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lefevre, C. E., Etchells, P. J., Howell, E. C., Clark, A. P., & Penton‐Voak, I. S. (2014) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0729 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Estimating Aggression from Emotionally Neutral Faces: Which Facial Cues are Diagnostic?
Carré, J. M., Morrissey, M. D., Mondloch, C. J., & McCormick, C. M. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6543 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Social Status Moderates the Relationship Between Facial Structure and Aggression
Goetz, S. M. M., Shattuck, K. S., Miller, R. M., et al. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613493294 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Třebický, V., Fialová, J., Kleisner, K., et al. (2014) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21559 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Geniole, S. N., Keyes, A. E., Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.023 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gómez‐Valdés, J., Hünemeier, T., Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Paschetta, C., de Azevedo, S., González, M. F., Martínez‐Abadías, N., Esparza, M., Pucciarelli, H. M., Salzano, F. M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052317 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Facial Structure Is Indicative of Explicit Support for Prejudicial Beliefs
Hehman, E., Leitner, J. B., Deegan, M. P., & Gaertner, S. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612451467 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Negotiating face-to-face: Men's facial structure predicts negotiation performance
Haselhuhn, M. P., Wong, E. M., Ormiston, M. E., Inesi, M. E., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies as a Link between Men’s Facial Width-to-Height Ratio and Behavior
Haselhuhn, M. P., Wong, E. M., & Ormiston, M. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072259 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat lies beneath the face of aggression?
Carré, J. M., Murphy, K. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr096 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lex talionis: Testosterone and the law of retaliation
Ronay, R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
CEO Facial Width Predicts Firm Financial PoliciesPreprint
Mills, J. D. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2503582 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Facing humanness: facial width-to-height ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.
Deska, J. C., Lloyd, E. P., & Hugenberg, K. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000110 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haselhuhn, M. P., Ormiston, M. E., & Wong, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- London Business School (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Haselhuhn, Michael P.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-04-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0122637
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4388848
- OpenAlex
- W1977696913
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- facial width-to-height ratio, aggression, facial morphology, men, aggression prediction, replication robustness
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Body Height, Face, Humans, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review