Facing humanness: facial width-to-height ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.

Deska, Jason C.; Lloyd, E. Paige; Hugenberg, Kurt

doi:10.1037/pspi0000110

Cited by 71Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorFace Recognition and PerceptionSocial and Intergroup Psychology

Facing humanness: facial width-to-height ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.

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Deska, Jason C., Lloyd, E. Paige, Hugenberg, Kurt·2018·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/pspi0000110

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Abstract

(see record 2017-57724-002). In the article, there is a data error in the Results section of Study 1c. The fourth sentence of the fourth paragraph should read as follows: High fWHR targets (M= 74.39, SD=18.25) were rated as equivalently evolved as their low fWHR counterparts (M=79.39, SD=15.91).] The ascription of mind to others is central to social cognition. Most research on the ascription of mind has focused on motivated, top-down processes. The current work provides novel evidence that facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) serves as a bottom-up perceptual signal of humanness. Using a range of well-validated operational definitions of humanness, we provide evidence across 5 studies that target faces with relatively greater fWHR are seen as less than fully human compared with their relatively lower fWHR counterparts. We then present 2 ancillary studies exploring whether the fWHR-to-humanness link is mediated by previously established fWHR-trait links in the literature. Finally, 3 additional studies extend this fWHR-humanness link beyond measurements of humanness, demonstrating that the fWHR-humanness link has consequences for downstream social judgments including the sorts of crimes people are perceived to be guilty of and the social tasks for which they seem helpful. In short, we provide evidence for the hypothesis that individuals with relatively greater facial width-to-height ratio are routinely denied sophisticated, humanlike minds. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Living adult males with relatively narrower faces tend both to be less reactively aggressive and to be perceived as being less aggressive, to the point of being assessed as having more human-like minds.
“In support of the behavioral significance of recent anatomical changes, living adult males with relatively narrower faces tend both to be less reactively aggressive and to be perceived as being less aggressive (Carré and McCormick, 2008; Haselhuhn et al., 2015), to the point of being assessed as having more human-like minds (Deska et al., 2018).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Deska et al., 2018

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Deska, J. C., Kunstman, J. W., Lloyd, E. P., Almaraz, S. M., Bernstein, M. J., Gonzales, J. P., & Hugenberg, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103964 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Falsifying the Dehumanization Hypothesis
Over, H. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620969657 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The face of fear and anger: Facial width-to-height ratio biases recognition of angry and fearful expressions.
Deska, J. C., Lloyd, E. P., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000328 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, female faces do naturalistically vary in fWHR, and recent research has found that the effects of fWHR on judgments of female faces may be similar to the effects of fWHR on judgments of male faces (Deska et al., 2017).”
Background
Free will without consciousness?
Mudrik, L., Arie, I. G., Amir, Y., Shir, Y., Hieronymi, P., Maoz, U., O'Connor, T., Schurger, A., Vargas, M., Vierkant, T., et al. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Was facial width-to-height ratio subject to sexual selection pressures? A life course approach
Hodges‐Simeon, C. R., Albert, G. O., Richardson, G. B., McHale, T. S., Weinberg, S. M., Gurven, M., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240284 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The face‐mind link: Why we see minds behind faces, and how others' minds change how we see their face
Deska, J. C., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12361 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
From photograph to face-to-face: Brief interactions change person and personality judgments
Satchell, L. P. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Recognizing humanity: dehumanization predicts neural mirroring and empathic accuracy in face-to-face interactions
Simon, J. C., & Gutsell, J. N. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Moreover, physical appearance has been linked to dehumanization through facial width (Deska et al., 2018), obesity (Kersbergen and Robinson, 2019) and even use of cosmetics (Bernard et al.”
Background
Of like mind: The (mostly) similar mentalizing of robots and humans.
Banks, J. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Racial bias in implicit danger associations generalizes to older male targets
Lundberg, G. J. W., Neel, R., Lassetter, B., & Todd, A. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197398 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Contextual factors that heighten interest in coalitional alliances with men possessing formidable facial structures
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., Barbaro, N., & Drea, K. M. (2022) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.05.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Targets' facial width-to-height ratio biases pain judgments
Deska, J. C., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.08.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The primacy of communality in humanization
Chu, C., & Martin, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104224 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Facial width-to-height ratios and deception skill
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110683 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…or antisocial behavior (Carre & McCormick, 2008); judgments of angry and fearful facial expressions (Deska, Paige, & Hugenberg, 2018) and humanness (Deska, Lloyd, & Hugenberg, 2018); perceived dominance, likelihood of being chosen for a second date, and attractiveness to women for short-term…”
Background
The face of the brand: Spokesperson facial width‐to‐height ratio predicts brand personality judgments
Deska, J. C., Hingston, S. T., DelVecchio, D. S., Stenstrom, E. P., Walker, R. J., & Hugenberg, K. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21666 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dehumanizing Prisoners: Remaining Sentence Duration Predicts the Ascription of Mind to Prisoners
Deska, J. C., Almaraz, S. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220911496 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Not only are prisoners often stripped of fundamental human faculties in ways typical of dehumanization (Deska et al., 2018), but stronger dehumanizing judgments about prisoners tend to generate harsher punishments.”
Background
Group Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predicts Intergroup Negotiation Outcomes
Yu, Y., Tang, C., Qu, X., Wang, C., & Denson, T. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00214 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…FWHRs are perceived as threatening, dominant, and animal-like, we expected that groups with relatively larger FWHRs (either a single individual or the group’s average FWHR) would claim relatively greater value in the negotiation (Geniole et al., 2015; Deska and Hugenberg, 2018; Deska et al., 2018).”
Background
Functional Inferences of Formidability Bias Perceptions of Mental Distress
Brown, M., Bauer, B. W., Sacco, D. F., & Capron, D. W. (2021) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-021-00285-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Social perception of robots is shaped by beliefs about their minds
Momen, A., Hugenberg, K., & Wiese, E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53187-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Registered report: Social face evaluation: ethnicity-specific differences in the judgement of trustworthiness of faces and facial parts
Schmid, I., Witkower, Z., Götz, F. M., & Stieger, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22709-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Elaborating humanness: a direct comparison between mindful and mindless entities
Ruzzante, D., & Vaes, J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101235 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Host facial features and Airbnb listing prices: a spatial hedonic pricing approach
Zhang, M., Wang, L., Yang, W., Li, Y., & Bai, Y. (2021) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2021.2006861 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…higher fWHR is associated with higher levels of perceived interpersonal aggression, behavioral dominance, impulsivity, unfriendliness, and social withdrawal (Deska & Hugenberg, 2018; Deska et al., 2018; Hehman et al., 2014), which may influence the observer’s trust inference (Geniole et al., 2014).”
Background
Perceiving People With Physical Disabilities as Overcoming Adversity Warps Mind Perception
Sim, M., & Hugenberg, K. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221099378 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For each target, participants responded to 18 items adapted from H. M. Gray and colleagues’ (2007) dimensions of mind perception (see Deska et al., 2018).”
Method
The timeline of mentalization: Distinguishing a two-phase process from mind detection to mind attribution
Ruzzante, D., & Vaes, J. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107983 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Configural face processing and its influence on the timeline of mentalization
Ruzzante, D., & Vaes, J. (2024) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2024.100184 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Happy = Human: A Feeling of Belonging Modulates the “Expression-to-Mind” Effect
Saito, T. I., Almaraz, S. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2022) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2022.40.3.213 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
THE LIFE IN JAIL: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY
Gales, E. J. P., Omega, G. R. L., Cano, J. C., Tiu, C. M., Apatan, A. C., Tindugan, A. E., Garcia, R. I. M., & Chua, L. L. (2023) · Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i03.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The face of debt: Facial width-to-height ratios and regional debt in China
Zhang, K., Ma, T., & Wan, X. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15722 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous studies have revealed several fWHr-associated behaviors including risk-taking [1–3], aggression [4–6], dominance [7,8], aiming for success [9–11], antisocial behavior [12–14] and humanness [15], which have primarily focused on social and economic fields.”
Background
Your voice pitch speaks volumes about you: How voice pitch affects mind perception of the speakers
Jin, W. J., & Park, S. H. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12630 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Development and validation of a self‐report measure of perceived dehumanization from officers
Robison, M., Baker, T., Abderhalden, F. P., Gordon, J. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23651 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hybrid Approach for Effective Disaster Management Using Twitter Data and Image-Based Analysis
Hariharan, K., Lobo, A., & Deshmukh, S. P. (2021) · International Conference on Communication Information and Computing Technology (ICCICT) · doi:10.1109/iccict50803.2021.9510029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Using the influence of human-as-machine representation for self-improvement products
Teng, M., Song, W., Liu, T., & Dong, J. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102851 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Examining the Contribution of Physical Cues for Same- and Cross-Race Face Individuation
Correll, J., Ma, D. S., Kenny, D. A., & Palma, T. A. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221141510 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“An index like facial width-to-height ratio has been shown to influence person perception (e.g., Deska et al., 2018), so it might be reasonable to wonder about its influence in the current analysis, but for most of the other composite indices, like cheekbone prominence or the asymmetry in eye-to-lip…”
Background
A Scalable Inclusive Security Intervention to Center Marginalized & Vulnerable Populations in Security & Privacy Design
Sim, M., Hugenberg, K., Kohno, T., & Roesner, F. (2023) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/3633500.3633508 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Proportion variables such as this are common practice in psychological research [22, 46].”
Background
Reconocimiento e intensidad emocional de la expresión facial – Presentación de una versión corta de la prueba “Picture of Facial Affect” (POFA).
Toloza, I. L. M., Delgado, F. O. R., Duarte, O. E. T., Osma, L. J. P., & Sarmiento, E. L. P. (2020) · Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia · doi:10.17533/udea.rp.v12n1a05 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nonverbal Facial Cues Signaling Sexually Transmitted Infections Cause Dehumanization and Discrimination
Tian, L., Deska, J. C., & Rule, N. O. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100178 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robots engage face-processing less strongly than humans
Momen, A., Hugenberg, K., & Wiese, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2022.959578 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“One such feature is the facialwidth-to-height ratio (FWHR), such that faces with low FWHRs (narrower than wide faces) are more likely to be perceived as human-like than faces with high FWHRs (wider than narrow faces; Deska et al., 2018).”
Background
Consumption of Psychological Horror is Associated With Reduced Stigmatization of Mental Illness
Sacco, D. F., Walters, M., & Brown, M. (2024) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000421 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Perceptual discrimination in the face perception of robots is attenuated compared to humans
Abubshait, A., Weis, P. P., Momen, A., & Wiese, E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42510-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, while human facial features are arranged in a standardized eyes-over-nose-over-mouth layout with little variation from human to human in terms of the spacing of these features, robot faces vary widely on this measure 49 .”
Background
Physical strength as a heuristic cue of political conservatism
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Tracy, R. E. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112393 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trait Ratings for the Radboud Faces DatabasePreprint
Jaeger, B. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cf5ad · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Technology Use in Care Contexts Shapes Inferences About Vulnerable Consumers' Level of Dependency
Schumacher, A., & Halabi, M. E. (2025) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22237 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Having the right face for the job: The effect of facial width‐to‐height ratio on job selection preferences
Deska, J. C., Hingston, S. T., Lundin, M., & Hugenberg, K. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12604 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
When faces and voices come together: Face width‐to‐height ratio and voice pitch contribute independently to social perception
Masi, M., Mattavelli, S., Fasoli, F., & Brambilla, M. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2905 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Contextual effects on attributing minds to older adults
Cassidy, B. S., & Ojeda, J. T. (2024) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2024.100195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Attractiveness Differentially Affects Direct Versus Indirect Face Evaluations in Two Cultures
Cassidy, B. S., Sarıbay, S. A., Yüksel, H., & Kleisner, K. (2023) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049231186119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These images are widely used in research on attractiveness (e.g., Alaei et al., 2022) and FWHR (e.g., Deska et al., 2018).”
Method
Neural dynamics of attentional Bias: How facial width-to-height ratio interacts with emotion to influence attentional capture and suppression
Wang, L., Haixin, Y., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104850 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The vocal uncanny valley: Deviation from typical organic voices best explains uncanniness.Preprint
Diel, A., & Lewis, M. B. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2784067/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Supplemental Material for Of Like Mind: The (Mostly) Similar Mentalizing of Robots and Humans
(2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000025.supp
Correlations of anthropo-somatotypological indicators with indicators of personality traits in practically healthy women of average intermediate somatotype
Andriievskyi, I. I. (2021) · Reports of Morphology · doi:10.31393/morphology-journal-2021-27(3)-01
Overgeneralizing Emotions: Facial Width-To-Height RevisitedPreprint
Windmann, S., Steinbrück, L., & Stier, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r84hb
The Inversion Effect as a Measure of Social Acceptance of Robots
Momen, A., & Wiese, E. (2022) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889452
“However, the degree to which agents trigger face processing depends on whether they contain human features (eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth) arranged with a human-typical spatial layout--known as facial-width-to-height-ratio (FWHR) [5].”
Background
The face of getting over: Facial formidability informs expectations for the performance of male professional wrestlers.
Brown, M. (2023) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000329
Accuracy, Bias, and Overgeneralization: Perceived Aggression Guides Threat Detection and Punishment of Female Criminal Offenders
Morgan, M. G., & Rule, N. O. (2024) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-024-00475-8
“However, other cues associated with men’s aggressive behavior do not predict women’s aggressive behavior (e.g., facial width-to-heigh ratio; Carre & McCormick, 2008) but may yet influence the severity of juridic outcomes (Deska et al., 2018).”
The Influence of Facial Features in Visual Marketing Strategies for E-Commerce
李, 恩. (2024) · E-Commerce Letters · doi:10.12677/ecl.2024.1341449
Facial Formidability Uniquely Informs Perceptions of White and Asian Men: Evidence From Two Samples in the United States
Brown, M., Eagan, L. E., Sacco, D. F., & Maxwell, N. P. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70005
Racial bias in implicit danger associations generalizes to older male targetsPreprint
Neel, B., Lassetter, B., Todd, A. R., & Lundberg, G. J. W. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Coalitional Utility of Formidable Men as a Function of Perceived Humor Styles
Brown, M., Stewart, P. A., & Murray, G. R. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251411299
Robust Medusa effect across facial manipulations
Han, J., Sasaki, K., Yonemitsu, F., Takashima, K., & Yamada, Y. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106419
Dehumanization
Vaes, J., & Paladino, M. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70581-6_210-1
Dehumanizing Prisoners: Remaining Sentence Duration Predicts the Ascription of Mind to PrisonersPreprint
Almaraz, S. M., Hugenberg, K., & Deska, J. C. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Unpacking mentalising through its denial: Integrating the roles of perceptual and contextual cues
Vaes, J., Ruzzante, D., & Biasiotti, C. (2026) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2026.2681343
A Process Account of Dehumanization: Extending the Framework with a Developmental Research Agenda
Vaes, J., Dapor, C., Meconi, F., Quadrelli, E., Roberti, E., Ruzzante, D., & Testa, A. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060867
“In favor of this distinction, purely perceptual manipulations such as the facial-width-to-height-ratio (FWHR; Deska et al., 2018), the facial inversion effect (Fincher et al., 2024), or a specific emphasis on a person’s eyes (Looser & Wheatley, 2010) have shown to moderate the extent to which we…”

Is facial width-to-height ratio reliably associated with social inferences? A large cross-national examinationPreprint
Durkee, P. K., & Ayers, J. D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tpngz · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is facial width-to-height ratio reliably associated with social inferences?
Durkee, P. K., & Ayers, J. D. (2021) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.06.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
How components of facial width to height ratio differently contribute to the perception of social traits
Costa, M., Lio, G., Gomez, A., & Sirigu, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172739 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Trustworthiness and Individual Differences The Impact Males Facial Structure (Width-to-Height Ratio) Can Have on Social Attributions of Others
Lyu, P. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022208
Judgements of perceived dominance and trustworthiness based on the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR): Does the judgements vary by Gender of stimuli, Race of stimuli, and Pathogen prevalence in the country of rater of the stimuli?Preprint
Chandrashekar, S. P. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/5b2c7

Authors: Deska, J. C., Lloyd, E. P., & Hugenberg, K.
Affiliations: Miami University (US)
ORCID: Deska, Jason C.
Lloyd, E. Paige
Hugenberg, Kurt
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2018-01
Volume: 114
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-94
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000110
OpenAlex: W2746239055
Cited by: 71
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 7.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2018-01-01)
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 239 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
IUScholarWorks Open (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (BCS-1423765)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: facial width-to-height ratio, humanness, facial appearance, social cognition, perceived guilt, perceived helpfulness
MeSH terms: Facial Recognition, Adult, Face, Female, Humans, Male, Social Perception

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Facing humanness: facial width-to-height ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.

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