Associations among Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Circulating, Plasmatic, Salivary and Intraluminal Anatomical Compartments in Apparently Healthy Preschool Children from the Western Highlands of Guatemala
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and inflammation are related in many ways; for instance, non-hygienic environments are associated with both poor growth and immunostimulation in children. OBJECTIVE: To describe any existing interaction among different inflammation biomarkers measured in the distinct anatomical compartments of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva. METHODS: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, samples of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva were collected on the 8th and last week of observation among 87 attendees (42 girls and 45 boys) of 3 daycare centers offering a common 40-day rotating menu in Guatemala's Western Highlands. Analyses included white blood cell count (WBC), fecal calprotectin, and plasmatic and salivary cytokines including IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. Associations were assessed using Spearman rank-order and goodness-of-fit correlations, as indicated, followed by backwards-elimination multiple regression analyses to determine predictor variables for IL-10 in both anatomical compartments. RESULTS: Of a total of 66 cross-tabulations in the Spearman hemi-matrix, 22 (33%) were significantly associated. All 10 paired associations among the salivary cytokines had a significant r value, whereas 7 of 10 possible associations among plasma cytokines were significant. Associations across anatomical compartments, however, were rarely significant. IL-10 in both biological fluids were higher than corresponding reference values. When a multiple regression model was run in order to determine independent predictors for IL-10 in each anatomical compartment separately, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α emerged as predictors in plasma (r2 = 0.514) and IL-1B, IL-8 and TNF-α remained as independent predictors in saliva (r2 = 0.762). Significant cross-interactions were seen with WBC, but not with fecal calprotectin. CONCLUSION: Interactions ranged from robust within the same anatomical compartment to limited to nil across distinct anatomical compartments. The prominence of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in both plasma and saliva is consistent with its counter-regulatory role facing a broad front of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the same compartment.
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Low circulating quantities and analytical restrictions of cytokine-based biomarkers make clinical use difficult.
“However, low circulating quantities and analytical restrictions of cytokine-based biomarkers make clinical use difficult [51].”
From Biomarker-Guided Imaging and AI-Augmented Diagnosis of Degenerative Joint Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
The Discussion’s comparative analysis reports plasma cytokine concentrations in pg/mL, and its strengths-and-limitations section describes difficulties detecting salivary IL-8 and substantial day-to-day variation in salivary cytokines (page numbers unavailable). These passages support low measured concentrations and some analytical restrictions, but they do not establish that low circulating quantities and those restrictions make clinical use difficult. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Soto-Méndez, M. J., Romero-Abal, M. E., Aguilera, C. M., Rico, M. C., Solomons, N. W., Schümann, K., & Gil, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0129158
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4468091
- OpenAlex
- W1268544359
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Universidad de Granada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Keywords
- inflammatory markers, preschool children, salivary cytokines, plasma cytokines, fecal calprotectin, white blood cell count, IL-10, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, malnutrition, inflammation, anti-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cytokines, daycare children, Western Highlands of Guatemala
- MeSH terms
- Body Fluids, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Guatemala, Humans, Infant, Male, Saliva, Bodily Secretions, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Public Health Surveillance
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