Family Aggregation and Risk Factors in Phobic Disorders over Three-Generations in a Nation-Wide Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This nation-wide register-based study investigated how often phobic disorders (PHO) and co-morbid disorders occur in affected families compared to control families. Furthermore, the study addressed the impact of sex, year of birth, and degree of urbanization in terms of risk factors. METHOD: A total of N = 746 child and adolescent psychiatric participants born between 1969 and 1986 and registered in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder before the age of 18, and developed PHO at some point during their life-time until a maximum age of 40 years were included. In addition, N = 2229 controls without any diagnosis of mental disorders before age 18 and that were matched for age, sex, and residential region were included. Diagnoses of mental disorders were also obtained from the first- degree relatives as a part of the Danish Three Generation Study (3GS). A family load component was obtained by using various mixed regression models. RESULTS: PHO occurred significantly more often in case than in control families, in particular, in mothers and siblings. Substance use disorders (SUD), Depressive disorders (DEP), anxiety disorders (ANX) and personality disorders (PERS) in the family were significantly associated with specific phobia in the case-probands. After controlling for various mental disorders comorbid to PHO it was found that some of the family transmission could be caused by various other mental disorders in family members rather than the PHO itself. Female sex and more recent year of birth were further risk factors while region of residence was not related to the manifestation of PHO. Case-relatives did not develop PHO earlier than control relatives. After adjusting for various additional explanatory variables, the family load explained only 0.0013% of the variance in the manifestation of PHO in the case-probands. DISCUSSION: These findings, based on a very large and representative dataset, provide evidence for the family aggregation and further risk factors in PHO. In contrast to anxiety disorders and other major mental disorders the family load of PHO in this nation-wide study was rather low.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Specific phobias set early in life, have a chronic course, and predict development of additional mental health concerns later in life.
“Speci fi c phobias set early in life, have a chronic course, and predict development of additional mental health concerns later in life; however, little is currently known about the origins of speci fi c phobias in young children aged 3 -6 years.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Steinhausen et al., 2016
The Introduction says phobic disorders, including specific phobia, are among the disorders with the earliest onset and have substantial comorbidity with other mental disorders. It does not establish a chronic course or show that specific phobias predict the later development of other mental health concerns. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpecific phobias are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset.
“Speci fi c phobias (SP) are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset (Lieb et al., 2000; Steinhausen et al., 2016)”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Steinhausen et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · see citing works
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · see citing works
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Eisfeld, J. (2014) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2399740 · Cited by 3,570 · see citing works
Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia) are among the most commonly occurring mental disorders in children, adolescents, and adults [1–7] and belong to the disorders with the earliest onset [8].”
BackgroundKessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 · Cited by 2,947 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The finding that females reported higher rates of specific phobia than males is well known and supports the findings of large scale epidemiological studies [4,5].”
ResultGrant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x · Cited by 1,825 · see citing works
The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register
Mors, O., Perto, G. P., & Mortensen, P. B. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810395825 · Cited by 1,589 · cited 5× · see citing works
“A total of N = 746 child and adolescent psychiatric participants born between 1969 and 1986 and registered in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder before the age of 18, and developed PHO at some point dur- ing their life-time until a maximum age of 40 years wer…”
MethodInfluentialBijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
The current status of urban‐rural differences in psychiatric disorders
Peen, J., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. F., & Dekker, J. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults
WITTCHEN, H.-U., NELSON, C. B., & LACHNER, G. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005928 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., & Lépine, J. P. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00325.x · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Jacobi, F., Höfler, M., Siegert, J., Mack, S., Gerschler, A., Scholl, L., Busch, M. A., Hapke, U., Maske, U., Seiffert, I., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1439 · Cited by 586 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The finding that females reported higher rates of specific phobia than males is well known and supports the findings of large scale epidemiological studies [4,5].”
ResultThe Genetic Epidemiology of Phobias in Women
Kendler, K. S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859 · Cited by 501 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Some of these studies also suggest that the offspring of phobic parents have an increased risk not only for phobic disorders, but also for other mental disorders, such as other forms of anxiety disorders, affective disorders or substance use disorders [22].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSTINSON, F. S., DAWSON, D. A., PATRICIA CHOU, S., SMITH, S., GOLDSTEIN, R. B., JUNE RUAN, W., & GRANT, B. F. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000086 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Mannuzza, S. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950150062011 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Specific phobia: A review of DSM–IV specific phobia and preliminary recommendations for DSM–V
LeBeau, R. T., Glenn, D., Liao, B., Wittchen, H.-U., Beesdo-Baum, K., Ollendick, T., & Craske, M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20655 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Lauritsen, M. B., Jørgensen, M., Madsen, K. M., Lemcke, S., Toft, S., Grove, J., Schendel, D. E., & Thorsen, P. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0818-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A Direct-Interview Family Study of Generalized Social Phobia
Stein, M. B., Chartier, M. J., Hazen, A. L., Kozak, M. V., Tancer, M. E., Lander, S., Furer, P., Chubaty, D., & Walker, J. R. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.90 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Specificity in Familial Aggregation of Phobic Disorders
Fyer, A. J. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190046007 · Cited by 215 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One family study evaluated whether DSM-III-R phobic disorders (simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia) aggregate in families [21].”
BackgroundA twin study of DSM‐III‐R anxiety disorders
Skre, I., Onstad, S., Torgersen, S. O., Lygren, S., & Kringlen, E. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03419.x · Cited by 214 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Likewise, another twin study [39] suggested that phobic disorders are mainly caused by environmental factors.”
BackgroundValidity of diagnoses and other clinical register data in patients with affective disorder
Kessing, L. V. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80685-3 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Spijker, J., Beekman, A. T. F., & Vollebergh, W. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0597-4 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A Direct Interview Family Study of Social Phobia
Fyer, A. J. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160056007 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The spectrum of social phobia in the zurich cohort study of young adults
Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Acharyya, S., Heping Zhang, D., & Angst, J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01309-9 · Cited by 176 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Comparably, studies that used the high-risk approach reported consistently an association between parents and offspring for social phobia [22,23] and agoraphobia [24].”
ResultReliability of clinical ICD-10 schizophrenia diagnoses
Jakobsen, K. D., Nordgaard, J., Hansen, T. F., Jansson, L., Parnas, J., & Werge, T. M. (2005) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480510027698 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Register-based studies of mental disorders
Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Østergaard, S. D. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810390728 · Cited by 132 · cited 5× · see citing works
“A total of N = 746 child and adolescent psychiatric participants born between 1969 and 1986 and registered in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder before the age of 18, and developed PHO at some point dur- ing their life-time until a maximum age of 40 years wer…”
MethodInfluentialFear, Anxiety and Perceived Control in Children of Agoraphobic Parents
Capps, L. M., Sigman, M., Sena, R., Heoker, B., & Whalen, C. K. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01425.x · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Comparably, studies that used the high-risk approach reported consistently an association between parents and offspring for social phobia [22,23] and agoraphobia [24].”
ResultFamily history of psychiatric disorders in social phobia
Reich, J. H., & Yates, W. R. (1988) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(88)90039-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Steinhausen, H., Jakobsen, H. N., Helenius, D., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Strober, M. A. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22293 · Cited by 104 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Obviously, urbanization with potentially underlying stress factors or stronger help-seeking attitudes does not play a significant role in the manifestation of PHO, which is in contrast to our findings with the same approach in SCZ [27], ANX [29] but in line with findings in BP [28], OCD [30], and AN [32].”
ResultSelf-citationLahey, B. B., Zald, D. H., Hakes, J. K., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.359 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Validation of Danish case register diagnosis for schizophrenia
Löffler, W., Häfner, H., Fätkenheuer, B., Maurer, K., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Lützhøft, J. H., Skadhede, S., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Strömgren, E. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01577.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany
Dekker, J., Peen, J., Koelen, J. A., Smit, F., & Schoevers, R. A. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-17 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Family aggregation of mental disorders in the nationwide Danish three generation study
Steinhausen, H., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk‐Jørgensen, P. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0865-0 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Family members were identified through the DCR and DPCCR as previously described [31].”
MethodSelf-citationSteinhausen, H., Bisgaard, C., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Helenius, D. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22163 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Obviously, urbanization with potentially underlying stress factors or stronger help-seeking attitudes does not play a significant role in the manifestation of PHO, which is in contrast to our findings with the same approach in SCZ [27], ANX [29] but in line with findings in BP [28], OCD [30], and AN [32].”
ResultSelf-citationSpecificity of familial transmission of anxiety and comorbid disorders
Low, N. C. P., Cui, L., & Merikangas, K. R. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.07.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Park, S., Sohn, J. H., Hong, J. P., Chang, S. M., Lee, Y. M., Jeon, H. J., Cho, S., Bae, J. N., Lee, J., Son, J.-W., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.025 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Family load estimates and risk factors of anxiety disorders in a nationwide three generation study
Helenius, D., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Steinhausen, H. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.026 · Cited by 19 · cited 9× · see citing works
“After demonstrating in bivariate analyses the rather high rate of almost all mental disorders in the various family members with an exception of fathers and offspring, the conditional logistic regression analysis showed that substance use disorders (SUD), anxiety disorders (ANX), depression (DEP) and personality disor…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHelenius, D., Jørgensen, P. M., & Steinhausen, H. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.013 · Cited by 17 · cited 3× · see citing works
“While month of birth has been considered as a risk factor for schizophrenia [27], bipolar disorders [28], and anxiety disorders other than phobic disorders [29], it is unknown whether it can also be conceptualized as risk factor for phobic disorders.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationHelenius, D., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Steinhausen, H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.014 · Cited by 15 · cited 7× · see citing works
“The results suggest that family schizophrenia (SCZ) (OR = 1.77, CI = 0.98–3.19), family bipolar disorders (BP) (OR = 1.33, CI = 0.73–2.41), family eating disorders (ED) (OR = 0.91, CI = 0.35–2.34) and family phobia (PHO) (OR = 1.01, CI = 0.40–2.53) may contribute to the risk of PHO in the case-probands, but the confid…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Lijster, J. M. D., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M. W. J., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716640757 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders
Legerstee, J. S., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M. W. J., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & de Lijster, J. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72619-9_7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Koskela, M., Chudal, R., Luntamo, T., Suominen, A., Steinhausen, H., & Sourander, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02637-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For example, a Danish study of three generations did not find any effects of paternal age on bipolar disorders [46], anxiety disorders [19], obsessive compulsive disorder [12], phobic disorders [37] and substance use disorders [20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrummer, J., Hesse, M., Frederiksen, K. S., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., & Bloomfield, K. (2021) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.445 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Steinhausen, H., Jakobsen, H. N., & Munk‐Jørgensen, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177700 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, it is in contrast to no significant effects in case-probands with either BD [23], or obsessive-compulsive disorders [25], or ED [26], or phobic disorders [27].”
ResultSelf-citationRomero, C. T., Kobashi-Margáin, R. A., Álvarez‐Arellano, L., Corona, J. C., & García, N. G. (2018) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12808 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Enhanced Family Approaches for the Anxiety Disorders
Lippert, M. W., Pflug, V., Lavallee, K. L., & Schneider, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, H., Pan, L., Talati, A., Gameroff, M. J., Weissman, M. M., & Simpson, H. B. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70117 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Some studies have focused on the familial aggregation of specific anxiety disorders, providing evidence for disorder - specific parent–offspring associations (Fyer et al., 1990, 1995; Low et al., 2008; Steinhausen et al., 2016).”
Trimarchi, L., Waters, A. M., Simcock, G., & Farrell, L. J. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03040-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Speci fi c phobias (SP) are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset (Lieb et al., 2000; Steinhausen et al., 2016) with studies indicating emergence among children as young as three years of age (Rifkin et al., 2016).”
Trimarchi, L., Simcock, G. P., Calteaux, I. G., Waters, A. M., Ollendick, T. H., & Farrell, L. J. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.08.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Elfström, S., Wicks, S., Dalman, C., & Åhlén, J. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70085 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pharmacogenomics in psychiatric diseases
Wali, A., Dar, M. A., Ali, A., Rasool, I., Tariq, L., Arafah, A. M., Rehman, M. U., Malla, B. A., & Wali, A. F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15336-5.00002-6
Homoeopathic Management of Specific Phobia
Moorthi, S. K., Sunil, J. M., & Dr.Aiswarya, J. (2025) · International Journal of High Dilution Research · doi:10.51910/ijhdr.v25icf.1457
Basophobia: A case report highlighting potential genetic vulnerability
Singh, J., Aggarwal, M., Bugalia, P., Srileka, I. J., & Kaur, K. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104791
Shared genetic etiology between specific phobia and other psychiatric disorders.
Ueda, K., Toida, Y., Naka, A., Fujisawa, N., Nakamaru, R., Fujikane, D., Shioiri, T., & Ohi, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120868
Koskela, M., Chudal, R., Luntamo, T., Suominen, A., Steinhausen, H., & Sourander, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12291335
Self-citation-, P. T. J., Ingale, S. P., & Bhong, P. N. (2026) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2026-0159
“In severe cases, individuals may be at increased risk of substance abuse and suicidal behaviour [3, 4].”
- Authors
- Steinhausen, H.-C., Jakobsen, H., Meyer, A., Jørgensen, P. M., & Lieb, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-01-19
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0146591
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4718671
- OpenAlex
- W2264208386
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- phobia, specific phobia, familial aggregation, risk factors, comorbidities, substance use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, first-degree relatives, sex differences, birth year, urbanization, family transmission, child and adolescent psychiatry
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Denmark, Family, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Phobic Disorders, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
