Personal Protection of Permethrin-Treated Clothing against Aedes aegypti, the Vector of Dengue and Zika Virus, in the Laboratory
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The dengue and Zika viruses are primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are most active during day light hours and feed both in and outside of the household. Personal protection technologies such as insecticide-treated clothing could provide individual protection. Here we assessed the efficacy of permethrin-treated clothing on personal protection in the laboratory. METHODS: The effect of washing on treated clothing, skin coverage and protection against resistant and susceptible Ae. aegypti was assessed using modified WHO arm-in-cage assays. Coverage was further assessed using free-flight room tests to investigate the protective efficacy of unwashed factory-dipped permethrin-treated clothing. Clothing was worn as full coverage (long sleeves and trousers) and partial coverage (short sleeves and shorts). Residual permethrin on the skin and its effect on mosquitoes was measured using modified WHO cone assays and quantified using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. RESULTS: In the arm-in-cage assays, unwashed clothing reduced landing by 58.9% (95% CI 49.2-66.9) and biting by 28.5% (95% CI 22.5-34.0), but reduced to 18.5% (95% CI 14.7-22.3) and 11.1% (95% CI 8.5-13.8) respectively after 10 washes. Landing and biting for resistant and susceptible strains was not significantly different (p<0.05). In free-flight room tests, full coverage treated clothing reduced landing by 24.3% (95% CI 17.4-31.7) and biting by 91% (95% CI 82.2-95.9) with partial coverage reducing landing and biting by 26.4% (95% CI 20.3-31.2) and 49.3% (95% CI 42.1-59.1) respectively with coverage type having no significant difference on landing (p<0.05). Residual permethrin was present on the skin in low amounts (0.0041mg/cm2), but still produced a KD of >80% one hour after wearing treated clothing. CONCLUSION: Whilst partially covering the body with permethrin-treated clothing provided some protection against biting, wearing treated clothing with long sleeves and trousers provided the highest form of protection. Washing treated clothing dramatically reduced protection provided. Permethrin-treated clothing could provide protection to individuals from Ae. aegypti that show permethrin resistance. Additionally, it could continue to provide protection even after the clothing has been worn. Field trials are urgently needed to determine whether clothing can protect against dengue and Zika.
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The efficacy of permethrin-treated clothing against mosquitoes has been demonstrated in many laboratory studies and short-duration field trials.
“The efficacy of permethrin-treated clothing against mosquitoes has been demonstrated in many laboratory studies and short-duration field trials.[4,6,7,44,45,47–60]”
From Pyrethroid insecticides maintain repellent effect on knock-down resistant populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says previous efficacy tests were often small laboratory studies, and the Discussion reports significant protection against Aedes aegypti biting in this paper’s laboratory tests. The Discussion also mentions field studies, but the passages do not establish that they were short-duration trials demonstrating efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnother laboratory study showed a similar reduction in landing and blood feeding behavior with permethrin-treated clothing compared to untreated clothing using slightly different methods.
“Another laboratory study showed a similar reduction in landing and blood feeding behavior with permethrin-treated clothing compared to untreated clothing using slightly different methods.[45,51]”
From Pyrethroid insecticides maintain repellent effect on knock-down resistant populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In an arm-in-cage experiment where the arm was only partially covered by cloth, resistant mosquitoes rested longer on permethrin-treated cloth and were less likely to move to more bite-susceptible bare arm than susceptible mosquitoes.
“Interestingly, in an arm-in-cage experiment in which the arm was only partially covered by cloth, providing mosquitoes with a choice of bare or clothed skin to land and feed on, they observed that resistant mosquitoes rested longer on permethrin-treated cloth and were less likely to move to more bite-susceptible bare arm than susceptible mosquitoes.”
From Pyrethroid insecticides maintain repellent effect on knock-down resistant populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
When the arm was fully covered, they did not see a difference in landing or blood feeding, suggesting that repellent effect is robust for both strains.
“but when the arm was fully covered, they did not see a difference in landing or blood feeding, suggesting that repellent effect is robust for both strains.[45]”
From Pyrethroid insecticides maintain repellent effect on knock-down resistant populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON NEUROTOXICITY OF PYRETHROIDS
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- Authors
- Orsborne, J., DeRaedt Banks, S., Hendy, A., Gezan, S. A., Kaur, H., Wilder-Smith, A., Lindsay, S. W., & Logan, J. G.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Florida (US)
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Logan, James G.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-05-17
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0152805
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4871372
- OpenAlex
- W2401913595
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement 282589)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- Aedes aegpti, personal protection, dengue, Zika virus, mosquito biting, permethrin resistance, wash durability, skin coverage, vector control
- MeSH terms
- Zika Virus Infection, Aedes, Animals, Clothing, Dengue, Female, Humans, Insect Repellents, Insect Vectors, Permethrin
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