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Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of basic and sport nutrition as well as perspectives of young Egyptian athletes. Structured interview survey measuring knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors about basic and sport nutrition was administered to adolescent athletes recruited from 4 sport clubs and 2 fitness centers in Greater Cairo governorate. A total of 358 participants aged 13-18 years completed questionnaires. Basic nutrition knowledge was reasonable in almost all domains except fast food. Fixed breakfast (78.5%), home meals (lunch, 70.7%), and healthy snacks (55.8%) were the most positive features of the basic dietary pattern. More than 70% perceived themselves as knowledgeable about sport nutrition. The prevalence rate of sport supplement intake was (48.9%, n = 175), predominantly sport drinks (66.9%) and creatine (54.3%). Coaches were the primary source of sport nutrition information. Forty-four percent of participants (n = 77/175) reported supplement consumption during competition seasons only. Better physical appearance and enhancement of athletic performance were the major motivations for supplement intake. These findings indicate the necessity of a comprehensive nutrition education program targeting not only athletes and parents, but also coaching staff, health trainers and all sport team officials.
Overview
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TL;DR
In a cross-sectional survey of 358 Egyptian adolescent athletes in Greater Cairo, basic dietary habits were mostly reasonable but sport-nutrition knowledge was below average, and 48.9% reported using sport supplements, most commonly sport drinks and creatine. Coaches were the main information source, and supplement use was often motivated by physical appearance and performance and frequently limited to competition seasons.
Key findings
- Among 358 athletes (mean age 14.3 ± 2.5 years; 56.4% male), 78.5% reported a fixed breakfast, 70.7% reported home-cooked lunch, and 55.8% reported healthy snacks; 87.4% ate fast food weekly, mostly once (57.8%).
- 48.9% (n = 175) currently took dietary supplements; among supplement users, sport drinks (66.9%) and creatine (54.3%) predominated, and 44% (77/175) used supplements during competition seasons only.
- Main reasons for supplement use were physical appearance (159/175, 90.9%) and better performance (146/175, 83.4%); common sources were sport centers (n = 144), retail stores (n = 137), and athletic trainers (n = 135).
- More than 70% perceived themselves knowledgeable about sport nutrition, but sport-nutrition knowledge/beliefs/attitudes had the lowest correct responses; coaches/athletic trainers were a major information source for supplements (n = 166) and special diet (n = 78).
Methods
- Cross-sectional descriptive survey in Greater Cairo, January–May 2015, using a convenience sample of 358 adolescents aged 13–18 years from 4 non-profit sport clubs and 2 fitness centers; inclusion required training ≥4 hours/week for the preceding 6 months, yielding 76 competitive and 282 recreational athletes across 11 sports.
- Data came from a structured interview questionnaire (30 questions, 4 parts) adapted from validated literature, translated into Arabic via forward-backward procedure, piloted on 55 athletes, and reviewed by 3 nutrition experts.
- Analysis used SPSS Version 16 with descriptive statistics, chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests; p < 0.05 was significant, and questionnaires with missing values were excluded.
Limitations
- Stated: relatively small sample size and recruitment from only Greater Cairo may limit generalisability, although the authors note about 25% of Egypt’s population resides in Cairo; responses may be biased if participants did not answer honestly or had nutrition-related preferences.
- Stated: the quantitative survey limited assessment of factors such as gender, age, education, sport type, and training hours; BMI was not used as an obesity indicator because it does not account for body fat; illegal sport supplementation could not be assessed.
- Evident: the convenience sample, self-reported weight and height, and exclusion of questionnaires with missing values may further limit representativeness and measurement accuracy.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 70% of the studied individuals considered themselves knowledgeable about sport nutrition issues Table 3.”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately, two-thirds of participants agreed that drinking plenty of water prior to the beginning of the event is essential for enhancing athletic performance”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of athletes taking supplements reported sport centers (n = 144), retail stores (n = 137), and athletic trainers (n = 135) as the main sources of obtaining their supplement needs (p < 0.001).”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
plainn = 144 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half (53%) of the athletes significantly believed that the carbohydrate loading one hour before the event would supply sufficient amount of energy (p < 0.001).”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, the percentage of adolescent athletes (n = 209) following a special diet increased significantly during their competition season versus out of season (p < 0.001).”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
plainstates a causen = 209 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Increased energy requirements are not regularly met in young athletes, especially during competition season; therefore, most of them are unable to make adequate nutritional choices for growth and development as well as for optimized athletic performance and rely on additional nutritional intake taken from sports supplements”
From Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| 4. Anti-gravity | | 20 (5.6) | <0.001 |”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
Reported 358 · recomputed 384
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Maintaining/or obtaining healthy and good physical appearance (n = 159; 44.4%) and achieving better athletic performance (n = 146; 40.8%) were the most common reasons significantly cited for taking sport supplements (p < 0.001).”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
Reported 44.4 · recomputed 90.857143
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Discussion
“We also found that consumption of supplements was influenced by competition in the majority of cases, while a small number of athletes (9.8%) reported taking supplements on a regular basis.”
§ Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey > Results
“| During competition | 77 | 44 | <0.001 |”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tawfik, S., El Koofy, N., & Moawad, E. M. I.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Health and Population (EG)
- Cairo University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Moawad, Eman Mohamed Ibraheim
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-08-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0161252
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4987011
- OpenAlex
- W2514051432
- Semantic Scholar
- 67244f213aa904f02e9b63b6e234200334e48038
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- sports nutrition, dietary supplements, youth athletes, nutrition knowledge, supplement use, sports drinks, creatine, nutrition education, dietary habits, fast food
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Egypt, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Residence Characteristics, Dietary Supplements, Athletes
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