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Cited by 19Reproductive Health and ContraceptionMale Reproductive Health StudiesHealth and Conflict Studies

Empirical lessons regarding contraception in a protracted refugee setting: A descriptive study from Maela camp on the Thai-Myanmar border 1996 – 2015

Open access
Srikanok, Somjet, Parker, Daniel M., Parker, Amber L., Lee, Tracey, Min, Aung Myat, Ontuwong, Pranee, Oo Tan, Saw, Sirinonthachai, Supachai +1 more·2017·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0172007PMC PMC5322876
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Abstract

Conflict settings and refugee camps can be chaotic places, with large and rapid population movements, exacerbated public health problems, and ad hoc health services. Reproductive health care that includes family planning is of heightened importance in such settings, however, funding and resources tend to be constrained and geared towards acute health services such as trauma management and infectious disease containment. Here we report on the complexities and challenges of providing family planning in a post-emergency refugee setting, using the example of the largest refugee camp on the Thai-Myanmar border, in existence now for over 30 years. Data from 2009 demonstrates an upward trend in uptake of all contraceptives, especially long acting reversible contraception (LARC) and permanent methods (e.g. sterilization) over time. Increased uptake occurred during periods of time when there were boosts in funding or when barriers to access were alleviated. For example a surgeon fluent in local languages is correlated with increased uptake of tubal ligation in females. These data indicate that funding directed toward contraceptives in this refugee setting led to increases in contraceptives use. However, contraceptive uptake estimates depend on the baseline population which is difficult to measure in this setting. As far as we are aware, this is the longest reported review of family planning services for a refugee camp setting to date. The lessons learned from this setting may be valuable given the current global refugee crisis.

Verified 2026-10-05 · 2 references not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This descriptive study reviews 19 years of family planning services in Maela refugee camp on the Thai-Myanmar border, documenting 35,139 new contraceptive consultations from 1996–2015. Contraceptive uptake, especially LARC and tubal ligation, increased over time and coincided with funding boosts or removal of access barriers, while pregnancy and miscarriage rates declined in recent years.

Key findings

  • From 1996 through 2015, SMRU and PPAT recorded 35,139 new family planning consultations. New consultations per 1,000 reproductive-age women rose from 156.7 (TBBC estimate) and 218.8 (UNHCR estimate) in 2002 to 200.3 and 226.9, respectively, in 2015.
  • Depo-injections, pills, and condoms were the major contraceptive choices; Depo-injections made up over 50% of new consultations until 2000 and remained most popular until around 2008, when the pill began to make up approximately an equal proportion.
  • Cumulative tubal ligation uptake more than quadrupled between 2002 and 2007 by both TBBC and UNHCR estimates; under UNHCR estimates it potentially increased over 10-fold between 2002 and 2014, with approximately 27% of reproductive-age women having had the procedure.
  • Pregnancy rates were denominator-sensitive: by TBBC estimates they fell almost 13% from 1998–2002 (160 to 138 per 1,000), rose 36% from 2004–2006 (147 to 199), then fell to 137 per 1,000 by 2015; by UNHCR estimates they rose almost 43% from 2002–2012 (195 to 284). Miscarriage rates remained relatively stable, with 2015 estimates of 10 or 11.5 per 1,000 women using TBBC or UNHCR estimates.

Methods

  • Descriptive retrospective analysis of family planning services in Maela refugee camp, Thai-Myanmar border, 1996–2015, using SMRU and PPAT service records, TBBC and UNHCR population estimates, and SMRU antenatal/birth outcome data.
  • Rates were calculated per 1,000 reproductive-age women; when sex was not reported, 49.79% of the population was estimated female, and 41.66% of females were estimated to be aged 15–44. Smoothed population estimates were generated with a loess curve in R, and all calculations were repeated using both TBBC and UNHCR denominators as a sensitivity analysis.
  • Main measures included new contraceptive consultations, cumulative LARC and tubal ligation uptake, pregnancies, and miscarriages per year.

Limitations

  • The paper states that conflicting census estimates for Maela camp are a foremost limitation, that contraceptive uptake estimates depend on the baseline population, and that the data do not allow causal relationships to be drawn. It also notes that census attempts and family planning uptake are obfuscated by a chaotic environment, political complications, population fluctuations, limited funding, and limited human resources.
  • The paper states that isolating exact numbers without duplicate counting is problematic because different agencies provide overlapping services, and that the camp is not truly a closed population because refugees travel out and non-camp residents travel in for care.
  • Evident from the text: this is a retrospective descriptive analysis relying on routine service records, with most years lacking age stratification and with possible underestimation of ECP use if women obtained ECPs outside the camp.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0172007

Cites

48 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 33 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In 2011 there was a notable drop of approximately 28% new contraceptive users compared to 2010.

    “In 2011 there was a notable drop of approximately 28% new contraceptive users compared to 2010 (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Depo-injections composed over 50% of all new contraceptive consultations until 2000.

    “Depo-injections composed over 50% of all new contraceptives consultations until 2000 and remained the most popular method among new contraceptive clients in the camp until around 2008 when the pill began to make up approximately an equal proportion of new contraceptive type.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    By 2015 the number of new contraceptive consultations per 1,000 reproductive age women had increased to 200.3 (95% CI 191.8-209.1) by TBBC population estimates and 226.9 (95% CI 217.4-236.7) by UNHCR population estimates.

    “By 2015 the number of new contraceptive consultations per 1,000 reproductive age women had increased to 200.3 (95% CI: 191.8–209.1) by TBBC population estimates and 226.9 (95% CI: 217.4–236.7) by UNHCR population estimates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Many villagers who are not camp residents travel to Maela camp for health care and sustenance.
  • Findingown data

    In Maela camp, uptake of all contraceptives, especially long acting reversible contraception (LARC) and permanent methods such as sterilization, showed an upward trend over time.

    “Data from 2009 demonstrates an upward trend in uptake of all contraceptives, especially long acting reversible contraception (LARC) and permanent methods (e.g. sterilization) over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Cumulative tubal ligation uptake more than quadrupled between 2002 and 2007 based on both TBBC and UNHCR population estimates.

    “Based on both TBBC and UNHCR population estimates the cumulative uptake of tubal ligation more than quadrupled between 2002 and 2007.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Depo-injections remained the most popular method among new contraceptive clients in Maela camp until around 2008, when the pill began to make up approximately an equal proportion of new contraceptive type.

    “Depo-injections composed over 50% of all new contraceptives consultations until 2000 and remained the most popular method among new contraceptive clients in the camp until around 2008 when the pill began to make up approximately an equal proportion of new contraceptive type.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The two agencies showed congruence in population estimates in 2007 and 2008, then moved in opposing directions with TBBC levelling off and UNHCR showing depopulation, and finally converging again in 2015.

    “The two agencies showed congruence in population estimates in 2007 and 2008, then moved in opposing directions with TBBC showing population estimates levelling off and UNHCR showing depopulation, and finally converging again in 2015.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: TBBC population numbers include camp dwellers who are not officially registered by UNHCR.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Female sterilizations followed the same general pattern as LARC until 2004, when they began to increase and surpassed LARC.

    “Female sterilizations (tubal ligation) followed the same general pattern as LARC until 2004 when they began to increase and surpassed LARC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Over the last decade, implant uptake in Maela camp at least doubled under TBBC population estimates and potentially quadrupled under UNHCR population estimates.

    “Over the last decade, implant uptake appears to have at least doubled (TBBC-based population estimates) and potentially quadrupled (UNHCR-based population estimates).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cumulative IUD uptake in Maela camp was around 15 or 25 per 1,000 reproductive age women in 2002 and around 125 or 75 per 1,000 in 2012, depending on TBBC or UNHCR population estimates.

    “In 2002 cumulative IUD uptake was around 15 or 25 per 1,000 reproductive age women whereas in 2012 it was either around 125 or 75 per 1,000 reproductive age women (TBBC- and UNHCR-based population estimates respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The number of new contraceptive consultations per 1,000 reproductive age women in 2002 was 156.7 (95% CI 149.2-164.4) using TBBC population estimates and 218.8 (95% CI 208.8-229.1) using UNHCR estimates.

    “The number of new contraceptive consultations per 1,000 reproductive age women in 2002 using TBBC population estimates was 156.7 (95% CI: 149.2–164.4) and by UNHCR estimates was 218.8 (95% CI: 208.8–229.1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Many villagers who are not camp residents travel to Maela camp for health care and sustenance.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In recent years, miscarriage rates decreased, with 2015 estimates of 10 or 11.5 per 1,000 women using TBBC or UNHCR estimates respectively.

    “There is an apparent decrease in recent years, with the most recent estimates (from 2015) of miscarriage rates indicating 10 or 11.5 per 1,000 women using TBBC or UNHCR estimates respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    If UNHCR population estimates are correct, tubal ligation uptake increased over 10-fold between 2002 and 2014, with approximately 27% of all reproductive age women having had the procedure.

    “If UNHCR population estimates are correct, the uptake of tubal ligations continued on this upward trajectory, potentially increasing over 10 fold between 2002 and 2014 (with approximately 27% of all reproductive age women having had the procedure)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    LARC uptake appears to be increasing while pregnancies and miscarriages are decreasing in Maela camp.

    “LARC uptake appears to be increasing while pregnancies and miscarriages are decreasing (Figs 3 and 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Using TBBC population estimates, pregnancies decreased from 2009 through 2015, reaching 137 per 1,000 reproductive age women, slightly lower than any other recorded year.

    “and then another period of decrease from 2009 through 2015, reaching a slightly lower pregnancy rate than in any other recorded year (137 pregnancies per 1,000 reproductive age women).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Using TBBC population estimates, the miscarriage rate decreased to approximately 15 per 1,000 women in 2001 and increased back to 25 per 1,000 women in 2007.

    “It fluctuated over the time period, decreasing to approximately 15 per 1,000 women in 2001 and increasing back to 25 per 1,000 women in 2007.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Using UNHCR population estimates, the miscarriage rate began at around 20 per 1,000 in 2002, increased to 30 per 1,000 by 2007, and began a decrease in 2011.

    “Using UNHCR population estimates the rate began at around 20 per 1,000 reproductive age women in 2002, increased to 30 per 1,000 by 2007 and began a decrease in 2011.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In 2015, a decision was made to primarily provide IUD because it permits at least 4 times more women to be reached compared to implants, as the cost was 600 versus 2,200 Thai baht in the same year, due to the small family planning budget.

    “in 2015 a decision was made to primarily provide IUD (since it permits at least 4 times more women to be reached compared to implants as the cost was 600 versus 2,200 Thai baht in the same year) because of the small family planning budget.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Miscarriages in Maela camp appear within the ranges reported from developed nations and have remained relatively stable over time, with recent data suggesting declining rates.

    “Miscarriages appear within the ranges reported from developed nations [41,42] and have remained relatively stable over time (Fig 4), with recent data suggesting declining rates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41] Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw S. Highlights of trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: estimates for the United States, 1976–1996. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland; 1999.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] K Helweg-Larsen, 1994, Abortions and prevention of pregnancies in 1992, Ugeskr Laeger

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Contraception directly benefits mothers and children and also boosts the health and wellbeing of entire communities, including refugees and refugee settlements.

    “Contraception directly benefits mothers and children and also boosts the health and wellbeing of entire communities, including refugees and refugee settlements [16,17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] DW Curry, 2015, Delivering high-quality family planning services in crisis-affected settings I: program implementation, Glob Heal Sci Pract source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] DH Peters, 2008, Poverty and Access to Health Care in Developing Countries, Ann NY Acad Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Maela camp is legally a closed population, but in reality refugees travel out of the camp for economic purposes in legal and illegal capacities.

    “Maela camp is a closed population, meaning that residents are unable to legally travel within Thailand, however, the reality is much more complex [26] with refugees travelling out of the camp for economic purposes, in both legal and illegal capacities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] DM Parker, 2015, Malaria ecology along the Thailand—Myanmar border, Malar J. BioMed Central

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    UNHCR population estimates have systematically been lower than TBBC estimates and may be influenced by political sentiments.

    “UNHCR numbers started well after Maela camp was established and have systematically been lower than TBBC numbers but may be influenced by political sentiments; in this case they may have been influenced by real or perceived aggravation by Thai authorities regarding a growing, foreign, uninvited population, as with refugees elsewhere [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] P Hunter, 2016, The refugee crisis challenges national health care systems, EMBO reports source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Different agencies within refugee camps can provide overlapping services, so isolating exact numbers without duplicate counting can be problematic.

    “Different agencies within refugee camps can provide overlapping services, so that isolating exact numbers without duplicate counting can be problematic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Increased contraceptive uptake occurred during periods when there were boosts in funding or when barriers to access were alleviated.

    “Increased uptake occurred during periods of time when there were boosts in funding or when barriers to access were alleviated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Fluctuations in global and local economics as well as political sentiment have adversely affected International PPA and hence PPAT operations.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long acting reversible contraceptives and permanent methods such as sterilization can be offered in conflict settings despite logistical concerns, and are especially advantageous in crisis situations.

    “Recent evidence suggests that long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC), and permanent methods such as sterilization, can be offered in conflict settings despite logistical concerns, and are especially advantageous in crisis situations [16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] DW Curry, 2015, Delivering high-quality family planning services in crisis-affected settings I: program implementation, Glob Heal Sci Pract source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Reproductive health services incorporating medical care, education and contraceptives are crucial in conflict settings, not only for maternal mortality but also for child mortality, morbidity and poverty.

    “Reproductive health services (incorporating medical care, education and contraceptives) are crucial in these settings, not only with regard to maternal mortality but also with regard to child mortality, [11] morbidity [12] and poverty [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] WJ Moss, 2006, Child health in complex emergencies, Bull World Health Organ source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] DJ Barker, 1990, The fetal and infant origins of adult disease, BMJ Br Med J source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Corak M. Do poor children become poor adults? Lessons from a cross country comparison of generational income mobility [Internet]. IZA Discussion Paper. 2006. <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ftp.iza.org/dp1993.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://ftp.iza.org/dp1993.pdf</ext-link>

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Contraceptive uptake estimates depend on the baseline population, which is difficult to measure in this setting.

    “However, contraceptive uptake estimates depend on the baseline population which is difficult to measure in this setting.”
    • Also stated in: § Data · plain
      “Pinpointing the current or yearly population can be difficult in refugee camps and resulting rates and figures require cautious interpretation [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] D Guha-Sapir, 1991, Rapid assessment of health needs in mass emergencies: review of current concepts and methods, World Heal Stat Q

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Many villagers who are not camp residents travel to Maela camp for health care and sustenance.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In places where reproductive health needs are greatest, the extent of those needs may be most difficult to accurately document and report, potentially leading to a cycle of public health and humanitarian neglect or misdirection of services.

    “In places where the reproductive health needs are the greatest, the extent of those needs may be most difficult to accurately document and report, potentially leading to a cycle of public health and humanitarian neglect or misdirection of services [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] LP Boss, 1994, Assessments of mortality, morbidity, and nutritional status in Somalia during the 1991–1992 famine: Recommendations for standardization of methods, J Am Medican Assoc source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Data collection is a major problem in humanitarian settings.

    “data collection is a major problem in humanitarian settings”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Contraceptive uptake by Afghan refugee women living in Pakistan was observed to be directly associated with subsidized healthcare.

    “contraceptive uptake by Afghan refugee women living in Pakistan was observed to be directly associated with subsidized healthcare [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] H Raheel, 2012, Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraception among Afghan refugee women in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Burundi refugees in the 1988 Tanzania census had a 6-fold higher risk of child death compared to Tanzanian mothers at highest risk of childbearing; highest-risk Tanzanian mothers had a 6.4-fold higher risk than low-risk Tanzanian mothers.

    “Burundi refugees included in the 1988 census data in Tanzania had a 6 fold higher risk of child death compared to Tanzanian mothers who were at the highest risk of child bearing; the highest risk Tanzanian mothers having a child death was 6.4 fold higher than low risk Tanzanian mothers [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] MC Mbago, 1994, Some correlates of child mortality in the refugee populated regions in Tanzania, J Biosoc Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The call for agencies and governments to maintain funding for free family planning and other reproductive health services for refugees, internally displaced and marginalized populations is not new.

    “The call for agencies and governments to maintain funding for free family planning and other reproductive health services for refugees, internally displaced and marginalized populations is far from a new concept [48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] R V Short, 2001, The future fertility of mankind: effects on world population growth and migration, Reprod Fertil Dev source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous linkage suggests reproductive health outcomes could be better in post-conflict phases than in the host country or country-of-origin for refugees and internally displaced persons.

    “Previous linkage between crude birth rates and mortality in refugee and internally displaced persons suggested reproductive health outcomes could be better in post-conflict phases than in the host country or in the country-of-origin [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] M Hynes, 2002, Reproductive health indicators and outcomes among refugee and internally displaced persons in postemergency phase camps, JAMA J Am Med Assoc source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Curry et al. suggested avoiding costly population surveys and focusing on obtaining high quality routine monitoring data to improve family planning programs in conflict settings.

    “In relation to family planning programs in conflict settings Curry et al. [16] suggested the avoidance of costly population surveys and suggested that providers should focus on obtaining ‘high quality routine monitoring data’, using this to improve programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] DW Curry, 2015, Delivering high-quality family planning services in crisis-affected settings I: program implementation, Glob Heal Sci Pract source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Local misconceptions and fears surrounding operations could be addressed directly rather than through an interpreter.

    “Local misconceptions and fears surrounding operations could be addressed directly rather than through an interpreter [40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] P Salisbury, 2016, Family planning knowledge, attitudes and practices in refugee and migrant pregnant and post-partum women on the Thailand-Myanmar border—a mixed methods study, BMC Reprod Heal

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In refugee settings, mortality is usually at its highest early on.

    “when mortality is usually at its highest [38]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] RW Rochat, 2011, Maternal and child health epidemic-assistance investigations, Am J Epidemiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Contraceptive services have significant and important benefits for maternal health and for communities.

    “Contraceptive services have significant and important benefits for maternal health and for communities [53]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] R Dixon-Mueller, 2007, Fertility regulation and reproductive health in the millennium development goals: The search for a perfect indicator, Am J Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This is the longest reported review of family planning services for a refugee camp setting to date.

    “As far as we are aware, this is the longest reported review of family planning services for a refugee camp setting to date.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many villagers who are not camp residents travel to Maela camp for health care and sustenance.

    “Furthermore many villagers (non-camp residents) travel to the camp for health care and sustenance, as it is a source of food and basic medical services.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The vast majority of births in Maela camp occur at SMRU.

    “The vast majority of births in Maela camp occur at SMRU.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TBBC population numbers include camp dwellers who are not officially registered by UNHCR.

    “TBBC numbers include camp dwellers who are not officially registered by UNHCR.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fluctuations in global and local economics as well as political sentiment have adversely affected International PPA and hence PPAT operations.

    “Fluctuations in global and local economics as well as political sentiment have adversely affected International PPA (IPPA) and hence PPAT operations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Unintended pregnancies represent unanticipated and largely avoidable social, economic, and health costs to women, couples, families and communities.

    “Unintended pregnancies represent unanticipated and largely avoidable social, economic, and health costs to women, couples, families and communities.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • 2012 IUD uptake rates are assigned to the wrong population estimates

    Minor

    The text assigns the higher 2012 IUD uptake rate (125 per 1,000) to TBBC and the lower rate (75) to UNHCR. But it says UNHCR estimated a smaller, declining population in this period; with the same IUD count, its smaller denominator would produce the higher rate.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. M van Min, 2009, Reproductive health-care provision in emergencies: preventing needless suffering, Forced Migr Rev, 68

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Srikanok, S., Parker, D. M., Parker, A. L., Lee, T., Min, A. M., Ontuwong, P., Oo Tan, S., Sirinonthachai, S., & McGready, R.
Affiliations
Mahidol University (TH)
Corresponding author
  • Srikanok, Somjet
  • Parker, Daniel M.
  • Parker, Amber L.
  • Lee, Tracey
  • Min, Aung Myat
  • Ontuwong, Pranee
  • Sirinonthachai, Supachai
  • McGready, Rose
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2017-02-23
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
e0172007
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0172007
PMC
PMC5322876
OpenAlex
W2589901661
Cited by
19
References
52
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5
FWCI
2.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (WT-106698, 106698)
  • Mahidol University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Male Reproductive Health Studies
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
Keywords
family planning, contraception, refugee camps, long-acting reversible contraception, tubal ligation, sterilization, contraceptive uptake, barriers to contraceptive access, health funding, refugee health care
MeSH terms
Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Myanmar, Contraception, Contraceptive Agents, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Refugees, Thailand, Young Adult

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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

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