Bile acid patterns in commercially available oxgall powders used for the evaluation of the bile tolerance ability of potential probiotics
Open accessAbstract
This study aimed to analyze the bile acid patterns in commercially available oxgall powders used for evaluation of the bile tolerance ability of probiotic bacteria. Qxgall powders purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Oxoid and BD Difco were dissolved in distilled water, and analyzed. Conjugated bile acids were profiled by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), free bile acids were detected as their p-bromophenacyl ester derivatives using reversed-phase HPLC after extraction with acetic ether, and total bile acids were analyzed by enzymatic-colorimetric assay. The results showed that 9 individual bile acids (i.e., taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid) were present in each of the oxgall powders tested. The content of total bile acid among the three oxgall powders was similar; however, the relative contents of the individual bile acids among these oxgall powders were significantly different (P < 0.001). The oxgall powder from Sigma-Aldrich was closer to human bile in the ratios of glycine-conjugated bile acids to taurine-conjugated bile acids, dihydroxy bile acids to trihydroxy bile acids, and free bile acids to conjugated bile acids than the other powders were. It was concluded that the oxgall powder from Sigma-Aldrich should be used instead of those from Oxoid and BD Difco to evaluate the bile tolerance ability of probiotic bacteria as human bile model.
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Commercial bile salt mixture powders contain several other bile salts beyond TDCA, TCA, GDCA, and GCA, which can impair the growth of strain M3R3 more severely than the individual bile salts.
“A study conducted by Hu and co-workers [72] characterized commercial BSs mixture powders and demonstrated the presence of several other BSs beyond TDCA, TCA, GDCA, and GCA, which can impair the growth of strain M3R3 more severely than the individual BSs.”
From Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity in the Food-Derived Strain Levilactobacillus brevis M3R3: Genomic and Functional Characterization (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
The Conclusions (page not provided) report nine bile acids in all three commercial oxgall powders, including five beyond TDCA, TCA, GDCA, and GCA. The paper does not test strain M3R3 or show that the powders impair its growth more severely than individual bile salts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe bile salt mixture more closely mimics the complex in vivo bile environment compared to individual bile salt exposure.
“a condition which more closely mimics the complex in vivo bile environment compared to individual BSs exposure [31, 72].”
From Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity in the Food-Derived Strain Levilactobacillus brevis M3R3: Genomic and Functional Characterization (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes human bile as a mixture of several bile acids, and the Conclusions (page unavailable) identify the oxgall powder whose bile-acid ratios most resemble human bile as the best substitute for evaluating probiotic bile tolerance. The paper does not directly compare exposure to a bile-salt mixture with exposure to individual bile salts, and it finds that mixtures differ in how closely they resemble human bile. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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“A study conducted by Hu and co-workers [72] characterized commercial BSs mixture powders and demonstrated the presence of several Fig.”
- Authors
- Hu, P.-L., Yuan, Y.-H., Yue, T.-L., & Guo, C.-F.
- Affiliations
- Northwest A&F University (CN)
- ORCID
- Guo, Chun-Feng
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e0192964
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5832225
- OpenAlex
- W2789483389
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31301444)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- bile acids, bile tolerance, probiotic bacteria, bile acid profile, bile acid conjugates, free bile acids, taurocholate, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bile, Bile Acids and Salts, Cattle, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Powders, Probiotics
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