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Cited by 40Winter Sports Injuries and PerformanceSports Performance and TrainingSports Dynamics and Biomechanics

Sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- and high-intensity training for classical cross-country skiing

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Solli, Guro Strøm, Kocbach, Jan, Seeberg, Trine M., Tjønnås, Johannes, Rindal, Ole Marius Hoel, Haugnes, Pål, Torvik, Per Øyvind, Sandbakk, Øyvind·2018·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0207195PMC PMC6237352
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: We investigated sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- (LIT) and high-intensity training (HIT) for classical cross-country (XC) skiing across varying terrain. METHODS: Six male and six female elite XC skiers with an approximately 15% differences in VO2max (men: 68.9±2.9 mL·min-1·kg-1, women: 60.1±3.3 mL·min-1·kg-1) were monitored using a multi-sensor system to collect time-synchronised data of heart rate, speed, and multiple tri-axial inertial measurements units while XC skiing on a 5-km competition track. RESULTS: Men skied 21% faster than women during HIT (5.9±0.3 m·s-1 vs. 4.9±0.2 m·s-1, P < .001), with the greatest difference (26%) while skiing on flat terrain, whereas skiing speed did not significantly differ between men and women during LIT. At similar instructed intensity and rating of perceived effort, women exhibited significantly higher relative heart rate (85±2% vs. 71±3% of maximum) and blood lactate levels (4.0±1.3 vs. 1.2±0.2 mmol/L) during LIT (all P < .001) than men, whereas physiological responses did generally not differ between the sexes during HIT. During both intensities and among both sexes, double poling (DP) was the sub-technique most used relative to distance, followed by miscellaneous sub-techniques (MISC), diagonal stride (DIA), kick double poling (DK) and herringbone (HRB). In relation to distance women used DIA more than men during LIT (22% vs. 17%, P = .009) and HIT (23% vs. 12%, P = .001), whereas men used MISC, including tucking and turning, more than women during LIT (39% vs. 25%, P = .017) and HIT (41% vs. 30%, P = .064). In particular, men used DP more than women while skiing the uphill sections during both LIT (24% vs. 11%, P = .015) and HIT (39% vs. 13%, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide novel insights into sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during LIT and HIT for classical skiing.

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  • At matched relative intensities, women utilize diagonal stride more frequently than men, who rely more on double poling.

    “At matched relative intensities, women utilize diagonal stride more frequently than men, who rely more on double poling [21, 28].”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Results (Technique distribution) report that women used diagonal stride more than men at both training intensities, while men used double poling more on uphill sections. But the intensities were not physiologically matched during low-intensity training: the Results (Speed, physiological, and perceptual differences) report higher relative heart rate and blood lactate in women. The claim also extends the uphill double-poling comparison to skiing generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Solli, G. S., Kocbach, J., Seeberg, T. M., Tjønnås, J., Rindal, O. M. H., Haugnes, P., Torvik, P. Ø., & Sandbakk, Ø.
Affiliations
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • Nord University (NO)
Corresponding author
Sandbakk, Øyvind
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2018-11-15
Volume
13
Issue
11
Pages
e0207195
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0207195
PMC
PMC6237352
OpenAlex
W2900742711
Cited by
39
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6
FWCI
3.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
  • Helse Midt-Norge
  • Norges Forskningsråd (245622)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
Keywords
sex differences, skiing speed, kinematic patterns, low-intensity training, high-intensity training, heart rate, blood lactate, VO2max, double poling, diagonal stride, elite skiers, rating of perceived exertion, inertial measurement unit
MeSH terms
Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Skiing, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes

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