Anti-obesity effects of Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate by modulating brain-liver axis in high-fat diet fed mice
Open accessAbstract
Spirulina platensis is a blue-green algae with potential anti-obesity effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of whole Spirulina platensis (WSP), Spirulina platensis protein (SPP) and Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate (SPPH) were compared in high-fat diet fed mice, and the potential acting mechanism of SPPH was also investigated. Totally, SPPH exhibited good anti-obesity effects (reducing 39.8%±9.7% of body weight), lowering 23.8%±1.6% of serum glucose, decreasing 20.8%±1.4% of total cholesterol, while positive drug Simvastatin had the corresponding values: 8.3%±4.6%, 24.8%±1.9% and -2.1%±0.2%, respectively. Subsequently, PCR array was used to conduct gene expression analysis in brain and liver tissues of SPPH-treated mice, which displayed distinctly different expression pattern. The most markedly changed genes included: Acadm (-34.7 fold), Gcg (2.5 fold), Adra2b (2 fold) and Ghsr (2 fold) in brain; Retn (39 fold), Fabp4 (15.5 fold), Ppard (6 fold) and Slc27a1 (5.4 fold) in liver. Further network analysis demonstrated that the significantly expressed genes in brain and liver tissues were mapped into an interacting network, suggesting a modulatory effect on brain-liver axis, major pathways were involved in the axis: PPAR, adipocytokine, AMPK, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and MAPK. This study showed that Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate possessed anti-obesity effect in mice.
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C-PC acts as an anti-obesity agent and improves reproductive health in mice.
“and acts as an anti-obesity agent while improving reproductive health in mice [62][63][64].”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The Results and Conclusion report anti-obesity effects in high-fat-diet-fed mice, but the tested interventions were whole Spirulina, Spirulina protein and its hydrolysate—not C-PC specifically. The paper does not report reproductive-health outcomes, so it does not support that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPreclinical trials on Spirulina/Limnospira platensis protein hydrolysate (SPPH) showed potential anti-obesity effects through modulation of the PPAR-γ, adipocytokine, AMPK, and MAPK signaling pathways.
“Preclinical trials on Spirulina/Limnospira platensis protein hydrolysate (SPPH) showed potential anti-obesity effects through modulation of the PPAR-γ, adipocytokine, AMPK, and MAPK signaling pathways.”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [117]
The Abstract and Results report anti-obesity effects of SPPH in high-fat-diet-fed mice and identify PPAR, adipocytokine, AMPK, and MAPK pathways in a network analysis of altered gene expression. They identify the PPAR pathway generally, however, not PPAR-γ specifically; the reported changed receptor gene is Ppard. The Conclusion also says the detailed link between gene changes and weight reduction requires further study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLimnospira platensis-derived peptides CANPHELPNK and NPVWKRK (3-5 kDa fraction) at 600 μg/mL inhibited pancreatic lipase by 72.7-88.1%.
“CANPHELPNK and NPVWKRK (3-5 kDa fraction) at 600 µg/mL inhibited pancreatic lipase by 72.7–88.1%”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [117]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says a previous study identified Spirulina platensis-derived peptides that inhibited lipase. It does not name CANPHELPNK or NPVWKRK or report a 3–5 kDa fraction, a 600 µg/mL concentration, or 72.7–88.1% inhibition. The Results instead describe different molecular-weight fractions for the hydrolysate studied here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Zhao, B., Cui, Y., Fan, X., Qi, P., Liu, C., Zhou, X., & Zhang, X.
- Affiliations
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Qi, Ping
- Zhang, Xuewu
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-06-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0218543
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6586325
- OpenAlex
- W2950113966
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, protein hydrolysates, anti-obesity, liver-brain axis, high-fat diet, weight loss, serum glucose, cholesterol, gene expression, PPAR signaling, adipokines, AMPK, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, mitogen-activated protein kinase, growth hormone secretagogue receptor, FABP4, resistin
- MeSH terms
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Animals, Brain, Liver, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Plant Extracts, Protein Hydrolysates, Protein Kinases, Anti-Obesity Agents, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Mice, Spirulina, Adipokines, Diet, High-Fat
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