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The female side of pharmacotherapy for ADHD—A systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This comprehensive review examined sex differences in prescription rates and efficacy or effectiveness of pharmacotherapy treatment in girls and women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while identifying gaps in the scientific knowledge on this topic. METHOD: A rigorous electronic database search was carried out in order to identify all published studies on female-specific effects of stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD. In total, 2672 studies were screened of which 21 studies (seven on prescription rates, 14 on effects of pharmacotherapy) met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. RESULTS: In all seven studies on ADHD prescription rates, girls received significantly less prescriptions than boys, a difference however no longer seen in adults with the exception of one study. Each of the 14 studies on effectiveness / efficacy found at least one sex-difference in the effects of ADHD pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSION: Several sex-differences are demonstrated in the prescription, usage and efficacy /effectiveness of both stimulant and non-stimulant ADHD pharmacotherapy. A single daily use of MPH may possibly not be optimal for girls with ADHD and ATX may be a promising medication for girls and women with ADHD. The robustness of this result requires further investigation.
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“Additionally, during periods of low oestrogen, increased ADHD symptoms [30,41,91,92] and decreased response to psychostimulant medication [25,42,93,94,95] have been described.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“We developed this female-specific treatment option in response to the dire need expressed by many [1,17,19,23,24,25,26,28,41,55,85], including patients.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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Flannery, J. E., Hinshaw, S. P., Kollins, S. H., & Stamatis, C. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26713846
Flannery, J. E., Hinshaw, S. P., Kollins, S. H., & Stamatis, C. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26713861
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kok, F. M., Groen, Y., Fuermaier, A. B. M., & Tucha, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kok, Francien M.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-09-18
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0239257
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7500607
- OpenAlex
- W3087626112
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, sex differences, girls, women, stimulant medication, non-stimulant medication, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, prescription rates, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Men, Methylphenidate, Drug Prescriptions, Sex Characteristics, Databases, Factual, Young Adult
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