Cited by 179Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study

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De Lorenzo, Rebecca, Conte, Caterina, Lanzani, Chiara, Benedetti, Francesco, Roveri, Luisa, Mazza, Mario G., Brioni, Elena, Giacalone, Giacomo, Canti, Valentina, Sofia, Valentina, D’Amico, Marta, Di Napoli, Davide, Ambrosio, Alberto, Scarpellini, Paolo, Castagna, Antonella, Landoni, Giovanni, Zangrillo, Alberto, Bosi, Emanuele, Tresoldi, Moreno, Ciceri, Fabio, Rovere-Querini, Patrizia·2020·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0239570PMC PMC7556454

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Abstract

Data on residual clinical damage after Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate whether COVID-19 leaves behind residual dysfunction, and identify patients who might benefit from post-discharge monitoring. All patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) for COVID-19, and evaluated at post-discharge follow-up between 7 April and 7 May, 2020, were enrolled. Primary outcome was need of follow-up, defined as the presence at follow-up of at least one among: respiratory rate (RR) >20 breaths/min, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) requiring therapeutic change, moderate to very severe dyspnoea, malnutrition, or new-onset cognitive impairment, according to validated scores. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) served as secondary outcome. 185 patients were included. Median [interquartile range] time from hospital discharge to follow-up was 23 [20-29] days. 109 (58.9%) patients needed follow-up. At follow-up evaluation, 58 (31.3%) patients were dyspnoeic, 41 (22.2%) tachypnoeic, 10 (5.4%) malnourished, 106 (57.3%) at risk for malnutrition. Forty (21.6%) patients had uncontrolled BP requiring therapeutic change, and 47 (25.4%) new-onset cognitive impairment. PTSD was observed in 41 (22.2%) patients. At regression tree analysis, the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) and body mass index (BMI) at ED presentation, and age emerged as independent predictors of the need of follow-up. Patients with PaO2/FiO2 <324 and BMI ≥33 Kg/m2 had the highest odds to require follow-up. Among hospitalised patients, age ≥63 years, or age <63 plus non-invasive ventilation or diabetes identified those with the highest probability to need follow-up. PTSD was independently predicted by female gender and hospitalisation, the latter being protective (odds ratio, OR, 4.03, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.76 to 9.47, p 0.0011; OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.92, p 0.033, respectively). COVID-19 leaves behind physical and psychological dysfunctions. Follow-up programmes should be implemented for selected patients.

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Fig 1 Multidisciplinary organisation and assessment measures of the COVID-19 Follow-up Outpatient Clinic at San Raffaele University Hospital. mMRC, modified Medical Research Council. VAS, visuo-analog scale. MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment. MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment. IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised. STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. WHIIRS, Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 Prevalence of the main follow-up assessment measures. Respiratory dysfunction was defined as respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or modified Medical Council Research scale for dyspnoea ≥2. Depicted numbers indicate the absolute counts of patients in each set. One malnourished patient had uncontrolled blood pressure levels requiring a change in therapy. BP, blood pressure.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Regression tree analysis (RT 1) to predict the need of post-discharge follow-up among patients recovered from COVID-19. Event frequency defines the proportion of patients needing follow-up. The prevalence of hospitalisation in the obtained groups is depicted. Age, gender, ethnicity, history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI), axillary body temperature, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), aspartate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein at Emergency department presentation, and hospitalisation were included in RT 1 analysis. PaO2/FiO2 was available for 155 patients. BMI was available for 160 patients. Pts, patients. PaO2/FiO2, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen. BMI, body mass index.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Regression tree analysis (RT 2) to predict the need of post-discharge follow-up among hospitalised patients recovered from COVID-19. Event frequency defines the proportion of patients needing follow-up. Age, gender, ethnicity, history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, administration of non-invasive ventilation, length of stay, and transfer to intensive care unit were included in RT 2 analysis. Pts, patients. NIV, non-invasive ventilation. LoS, length of stay.CC BY · PubMed Central

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O’Brien, K. K., Brown, D. A., Bergin, C. J., Erlandson, K. M., Vera, J. H., Avery, L. M., Carusone, S. C., Cheung, A. M., Goulding, S., Harding, R., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060826 · Cited by 43
Rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19 recovery: An experience at the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute and Lucy Montoro Rehabilitation Institute
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“45 billion people in need of rehabilitation (1) is further challenged by the emerging physical, mental, cognitive, neurological, nutritional, swallowing-related, and respiratory complications identified in COVID-19 survivors (2-4).”
Post-COVID syndrome: A reflection and opinion paper
Bouza, E., Cantón, R., Ramos, P. D. L., Botella, A. G., García‐Lledó, A., Gómez‐Pavón, J., del Castillo, J. M. G., Hernández‐Sampelayo, T., Delgado, M. C. M., Martín‐Sánchez, F. J., et al. (2021) · Revista Española de Quimioterapia · doi:10.37201/req/023.2021 · Cited by 44
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Monitoring cognitive and psychological alterations in COVID-19 patients: A longitudinal neuropsychological study
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Skeletal Muscle in Hypoxia and Inflammation: Insights on the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Rehabilitation in long COVID-19: A mini-review
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Evolution of Nutritional Status after Early Nutritional Management in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients
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Background
Psychological problems and reduced health-related quality of life in the COVID-19 survivors
Dorri, M., Bazargany, M. H. M., Khodaparast, Z., Bahrami, S., Alan, M. S., Rahimi, F., Kamipoor, Z., Niksima, M. M., Manshadi, S. H. D., & Rastad, H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100248 · Cited by 36
Respiratory symptoms and radiological findings in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
Jutant, E., Meyrignac, O., Beurnier, A., Jaïs, X., Pham, T. O., Morin, L., Boucly, A., Bulifon, S., Figueiredo, S., Harrois, A., et al. (2021) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00479-2021 · Cited by 34
Lower levels of glutathione in the anterior cingulate cortex associate with depressive symptoms and white matter hyperintensities in COVID-19 survivors
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on transgender and gender diverse health care
Burgess, C., Batchelder, A. W., Sloan, C. A., Ieong, M. H., & Streed, C. G. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00266-7 · Cited by 36
Residual lung damage following ARDS in COVID‐19 ICU survivors
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Risk of hospitalization and sequelae in patients with COVID‐19 treated with 3‐day early remdesivir vs. controls in the vaccine and Omicron era: A real‐life cohort study
Mazzitelli, M., Trunfio, M., Sasset, L., Scaglione, V., Ferrari, A. M., Mengato, D., Gardin, S., Bonadiman, N., Calandrino, L., Agostini, E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28660 · Cited by 31
Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
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The unique contribution of depression to cognitive impairment in Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Brown, L. A., Ballentine, E., Zhu, Y., McGinley, E. L., Pezzin, L. E., & Abramoff, B. A. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100460 · Cited by 33
COVID-19 disease severity to predict persistent symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Dirican, E., & Bal, T. (2022) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423622000585 · Cited by 33
“(Garrigues et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; de Graaf et al., 2021; De Lorenzo et al., 2020; Halpin et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021a, 2021b; Iqbal et al., 2021; Jacobson et al., 2021; Lerum et al., 2021; Lombardo et al., 2021; Maestre-Muñiz et al., 2021; Meije et al., 2021; Menges et al., 2021;…”
BackgroundInfluential
The possible onset of fibromyalgia following acute COVID-19 infection
Savin, E., Rosenn, G., Tsur, A. M., Hen, O., Ehrenberg, S., Gendelman, O., Buskila, D., Halpert, G., Amital, D., & Amital, H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281593 · Cited by 28
Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2
Makhluf, H. A., Madany, H., & Kim, K. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14070711 · Cited by 28
“Beyond the immune system, LC affects most organs and organ systems in the body, including the heart [3–5], lungs, brain [6–10], kidneys [11–13], liver, and gut in general [14–16], including the spleen, pancreas [17–22], and also the reproductive system [23,24].”
Coronavirus Disease 19 from the Perspective of Ageing with Focus on Nutritional Status and Nutrition Management—A Narrative Review
Rothenberg, E. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041294 · Cited by 28
“was a retrospective and prospective cohort study [47].”
Background
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in COVID-19 Survivors 6 Months After Hospital Discharge: An Application of the Conservation of Resource Theory
Wang, B., Yang, X., Fu, L., Hu, Y., Luo, D., Xiao, X., Ju, N., Zheng, W., Xu, H., Fang, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.773106 · Cited by 27
Coping Strategies and Stress Related Disorders in Patients with COVID-19
Dehelean, L., Papavă, I., Mușat, M. I., Bondrescu, M., Bratosin, F., Bucatos, B. O., Bortun, A. M. C., Mager, D. V., Romoșan, R. S., Romoșan, A. M., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101287 · Cited by 25
Long COVID-19: Psychological symptoms in COVID-19 and probiotics as an adjunct therapy
Thye, A. Y.-K., Tan, L. T., Law, J. W., Pusparajah, P., & Letchumanan, V. (2022) · Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology · doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000267 · Cited by 24
Elevated Arterial Blood Pressure as a Delayed Complication Following COVID-19—A Narrative Review
Bielecka, E., Sielatycki, P. J., Pietraszko, P., Zapora-Kurel, A., & Zbroch, E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031837 · Cited by 28
“Additionally, as reported in the study by DeLorenzo et al. [60], individuals with pre-existing arterial hypertension experienced an elevation in their blood pressure, necessitating adjustments in their treatment regimens due to a loss of disease control.”
BackgroundResult
Viewpoint | European COVID-19 exit strategy for people with severe mental disorders: Too little, but not yet too late
Picker, L. D., Yolken, R. H., Benedetti, F., Borsini, A., Branchi, I., Fusar‐Poli, P., Leza, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pollak, T. A., Tamouza, R., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.008 · Cited by 22
Direct, indirect, post-infection damages induced by coronavirus in the human body: an overview
Priya, S. P., Sunil, P., Varma, S. R., Brigi, C., Isnadi, M. F. A. R., Johnrose, J., Shadamarshan, R. A., Kumar, S., Kumari, N. V., & Kumar, R. P. R. (2022) · VirusDisease · doi:10.1007/s13337-022-00793-9 · Cited by 21
ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Domènech-Montoliu, S., Puig‐Barberà, J., Pac-Sa, M. R., Vidal-Utrillas, P., Latorre-Poveda, M., Rio-González, A. D., Ferrando-Rubert, S., Ferrer-Abad, G., Sanchéz-Urbano, M., Aparisi-Esteve, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910039 · Cited by 20
Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic
Chen, H., Peng, J., Wang, T., Wen, J., Chen, S., Huang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370 · Cited by 19
Chitinase-3-like protein-1 at hospital admission predicts COVID-19 outcome: a prospective cohort study
LORENZO, R. D., Sciorati, C., Lorè, N. I., Capobianco, A., Tresoldi, C., Cirillo, D. M., Ciceri, F., Rovere, P. Q., & Manfredi, A. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11532-x · Cited by 19
COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s Disease Share Common Neurological and Ophthalmological Manifestations: A Bidirectional Risk in the Post-Pandemic Future
Amadoro, G., Latina, V., Stigliano, E., & Micera, A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12222601 · Cited by 20
Evaluation of blood pressure variation in recovered COVID-19 patients at one-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study
Azami, P., Vafa, R. G., Heydarzadeh, R., Sadeghi, M., Amiri, F., Azadian, A., Khademolhosseini, A., Yousefi, M., Montaseri, M., Hosseini, N., et al. (2024) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-024-03916-w · Cited by 17
Cognitive Deficits in the Acute Phase of COVID-19: A Review and Meta-Analysis
de Alcântara, I. J., Nuber‐Champier, A., Voruz, P., Cionca, A., Assal, F., & Péron, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12030762 · Cited by 17
“[35] 57 (IQR 48–67) Confirmed cases of COVID-19 Mild; Intermed.”
What might COVID-19 patients experience after recovery? A comprehensive review
Elhiny, R., Al‐Jumaili, A. A., & Jamal, M. Y. (2022) · International Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1093/ijpp/riac026 · Cited by 16
Clinical standards for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-COVID-19 lung disease
Visca, D., Centis, R., Pontali, E., Zampogna, E., Russell, A., Migliori, G. B., Andréjak, C., Aro, M., Bayram, H., Berkani, K., et al. (2023) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.23.0248 · Cited by 15
“In this context, the strongest independent predictors of persistent respiratory impairment with need for follow-up 114,115 are patients with COVID-19 presenting with dyspnoea 3 weeks after hospital discharge and those with impaired gas exchange on admission to hospital.”
Background
COVID-19-associated PTSD in the elderly—lessons learned for the next global pandemic
Sarangi, A., Javed, S., Karki, K., & Kaushal, A. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00119-3 · Cited by 15
“Further, there is the incidence of enhanced PTSD symptoms if the patients have an existing chronic illness/non-communicable disease [18, 22, 23].”
Background
Impact of COVID‐19 infection on cognition and its association with neurological symptoms
Almería, M., Cejudo, J. C., Santos, J. S., Deus, J., & Krupiński, J. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2902 · Cited by 16
“…or concomitant cerebrovascular diseases (Romero-Sánchez et al., 2020), encephalopathy (Li et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020), and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Amanzio et al., 2021; De Lorenzo et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2021; Jeong et al., 2016; Rogers et al., 2020; Sozzi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Neurocognitive and psychiatric post-coronavirus disease 2019 conditions: pathogenic insights of brain dysfunction following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
García-Grimshaw, M., Sankowski, R., & Valdés‐Ferrer, S. I. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001046 · Cited by 15
The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Post-COVID-19 Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hu, W., Tang, R., Gong, S., Liu, J., Li, J., & Liao, C. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.63656 · Cited by 15
“It was found that the degree of systemic inflammation during acute COVID-19 infection is intricately connected with the emergence of psychiatric symptoms after viral clearance and that this has a significant impact on survivors' living lives [7].”
Background
AIDS and COVID: A tale of two pandemics and the role of statisticians
Ellenberg, S. S., & Morris, J. S. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8936 · Cited by 12
Case Report: Nintedaninb May Accelerate Lung Recovery in Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019
Bussolari, C., Palumbo, D., Fominskiy, E. V., Nardelli, P., LORENZO, R. D., Vitali, G., COBELLI, F. D., Rovere, P. Q., & Scandroglio, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.766486 · Cited by 13
Mood-congruent negative thinking styles and cognitive vulnerability in depressed COVID-19 survivors: A comparison with major depressive disorder
Benedetti, F., Palladini, M., D'Orsi, G., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere, P. Q., & Mazza, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.077 · Cited by 15
Acute and long‑term psychiatric symptoms associated with COVID‑19 (Review)
Paunescu, R., Micluția, I., Verișezan-Roșu, O., & Crecan-Suciu, B. D. (2022) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2022.1586 · Cited by 17
Myosteatosis Significantly Predicts Persistent Dyspnea and Mobility Problems in COVID-19 Survivors
LORENZO, R. D., Palmisano, A., Esposito, A., Gnasso, C., Nicoletti, V., Leone, R., Vignale, D., Falbo, E., Ferrante, M., Cilla, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.846901 · Cited by 13
“However, even patients with mild disease experience persisting symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection (5, 6).”
Background
Evidence-based position paper on physical and rehabilitation medicine professional practice for persons with COVID-19, including post COVID-19 condition: the European PRM position (UEMS PRM Section)
Ceravolo, M. G., Anwar, F., Andrenelli, E., Udensi, C., QURESHI, J., Sivan, M., Kiekens, C., & Zampolini, M. (2024) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.23.08315-6 · Cited by 12
The longitudinal characterization of immune responses in COVID-19 patients reveals novel prognostic signatures for disease severity, patients’ survival and long COVID
Noviello, M., LORENZO, R. D., Chimienti, R., Maugeri, N., de Lalla, C., Siracusano, G., Lorè, N. I., Rancoita, P. M. V., Cugnata, F., Tassi, E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381091 · Cited by 13
Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental and physical health in young adults
Falbová, D., Kovalčíková, V., Beňuš, R., & Vorobeľová, L. (2024) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a8118 · Cited by 15
Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on blood vessels and blood pressure – LOCHINVAR
Lip, S. Z. L., Tran, T., Hanna, R., Nichol, S. E. F., Guzik, T. J., Delles, C., McClure, J., McCallum, L., Touyz, R. M., Berry, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000004013 · Cited by 12
“Initially While acute cardiovascular complications of COVID-19, such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events, have been well documented, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the virus can also have long-term cardiovascular consequences including hypertension [1–3].”
Malnutrition in patients with COVID-19: assessment and consequences
van der Meij, B. S., Ligthart‐Melis, G. C., & de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2021) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000783 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Impairment in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients Undergoing Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation: The Association with the Clinical and Functional Status
Moretta, P., Ambrosino, P., Lanzillo, A., Marcuccio, L., Fuschillo, S., Papa, A., Santangelo, G., Trojano, L., & Maniscalco, M. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10030480 · Cited by 12
Psychological Distress among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Denmark during the First 12 Months of the Pandemic
Moseholm, E., Midtgaard, J., Bollerup, S., Apol, Á. D., Olesen, O. B., Jespersen, S., & Weis, N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610097 · Cited by 12
Cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors
Пизова, Н. В., Pizov, N. A., & Pizov, A. V. (2021) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2021-4-69-77 · Cited by 14
Long-term effects of COVID-19 on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure in college students: a pre-post-controlled study
Peng, J., Guo, W., Li, P., Leng, L., Gao, D., Yu, Z., Huang, J., Guo, J., Wang, S., Huang, J., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09646-w · Cited by 10
Sex-related patient-reported brain fog symptoms in non-hospitalised COVID-19 patients
Chatys-Bogacka, Ż., Mazurkiewicz, I., Słowik, J., Nowak, K., Sydor, W., Wizner, B., Słowik, A., Wnuk, M. A., & Drabik, L. (2023) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.a2023.0010 · Cited by 10
“There have also been studies that have used more specific neuropsychological testing, such as MoCA [42], the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale questionnaire [34], or even a battery of standardised neuro-cognitive instruments [43].”
Method
The Post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment. A modern view of the problem, pathogenesis and treatment
Захаров, Д. В., & Buriak, I. V. (2021) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2021-57-4-97-105 · Cited by 10
Physical and Psychosocial Well-Being of Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Compared to the General Population in Qatar
Ouanes, S., Al-Amin, H. A., Hussein, N. B., Khan, F., Shahrani, A. A., David, P., Wali, A. B., Thapur, M., Karim, M. A., Maslamani, M. A. R. S. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792058 · Cited by 9

Authors: De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Lanzani, C., Benedetti, F., Roveri, L., Mazza, M. G., Brioni, E., Giacalone, G., Canti, V., Sofia, V., D’Amico, M., Di Napoli, D., Ambrosio, A., Scarpellini, P., Castagna, A., Landoni, G., Zangrillo, A., Bosi, E., Tresoldi, M., Ciceri, F., & Rovere-Querini, P.
Affiliations: Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
ORCID: Conte, Caterina
Lanzani, Chiara
Benedetti, Francesco
Roveri, Luisa
Mazza, Mario G.
Brioni, Elena
Giacalone, Giacomo
Canti, Valentina
Scarpellini, Paolo
Castagna, Antonella
Landoni, Giovanni
Zangrillo, Alberto
Bosi, Emanuele
Tresoldi, Moreno
Ciceri, Fabio
Rovere-Querini, Patrizia
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2020-10-14
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
Pages: e0239570
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239570
PMC: PMC7556454
OpenAlex: W3092984339
Cited by: 179
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 15.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, post-discharge follow-up, dyspnea, tachypnea, malnutrition, uncontrolled hypertension, post-traumatic stress disorder, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, body mass index, emergency department
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Aftercare, Aged, Dyspnea, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus Infections, Malnutrition, Pandemics, Cognitive Dysfunction

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