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Cited by 15Malaria Research and ControlInsect Resistance and GeneticsVector-borne infectious diseases

Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia

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Hamid-Adiamoh, Majidah, Nwakanma, Davis, Assogba, Benoit Sessinou, Ndiath, Mamadou Ousmane, D’Alessandro, Umberto, Afrane, Yaw A., Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred·2021·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0241023PMC PMC8224845
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions. METHOD: Indoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, Plasmodium infection rate and host blood meal. RESULTS: A total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including An. arabiensis (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); An. coluzzii (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), An. gambiae s.s. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), An. melas (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of An. coluzzii-An. gambiae s.s (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in An. arabiensis (Pearson X2 = 22.7, df = 4, P<0.001) and for indoor resting in An. coluzzii (Pearson X2 = 55.0, df = 4, P<0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014S was significantly higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78-1, P = 0.03) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76-0.87) An. arabiensis population. For An. coluzzii, the prevalence of most mutation markers was higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81-0.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56-0.86) mosquitoes. However, in An. gambiae s.s., the prevalence of Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1575Y and GSTe2-114T was high (allele freq. = 0.96-1), but did not vary by resting location. The overall sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5-2%) in mosquito populations. Indoor-resting An. coluzzii had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting An. arabiensis fed on animal blood. CONCLUSION: In this study, high levels of resistance mutations were observed that could be influencing the mosquito populations to rest indoors or outdoors. The prevalent animal-biting behaviour demonstrated in the mosquito populations suggest that larval source management could be an intervention to complement vector control in this setting.

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  • Similar patterns of coexisting mutations have been observed in other studies, highlighting the species' genetic adaptability to insecticide pressures and the critical need for ongoing resistance monitoring.

    “Similar patterns of coexisting mutations have been observed in other studies, highlighting the species'genetic adaptability to insecticide pressures and the critical need for ongoing resistance monitoring [9, 18, 36–38].”

    From Urban malaria in Accra, Ghana: transmission risk and influence of irrigated vegetable farms (2025) · cites this paper as [36]

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Authors
Hamid-Adiamoh, M., Nwakanma, D., Assogba, B. S., Ndiath, M. O., D’Alessandro, U., Afrane, Y. A., & Amambua-Ngwa, A.
Affiliations
  • London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
  • University of Ghana (GH)
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2021-06-24
Volume
16
Issue
6
Pages
e0241023
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0241023
PMC
PMC8224845
OpenAlex
W3175754700
Cited by
15
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust DELTAS Africa grant (DEL-15-007: Awandare)
  • H3Africa (H3A/18/002)
  • Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (D43 TW 011513)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Keywords
insecticide resistance, malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, biting behavior, indoor residual spraying, long-lasting insecticidal nets, pyrethroid resistance, voltage-gated sodium channels, kdr mutation, Gambia, malaria
MeSH terms
Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Environment, Feeding Behavior, Gambia, Humans, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Larva, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Rest, Sporozoites, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

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