Impact of vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity, outdoor vector biting rates and Anopheles mosquito species composition in Tororo, Uganda
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Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) are widely recommended for the prevention of malaria in endemic regions. Data from human landing catches provide information on the impact of vector control on vector populations. Here, malaria transmission indoors and outdoors, before and after mass deployment of LLINs and IRS in Uganda was compared. Methods: The study took place in Tororo district, a historically high transmission area where universal LLIN distribution was conducted in November 2013 and May 2017 and 6 rounds of IRS implemented from December 2014 to July 2018. Human landing catches were performed in 8 houses monthly from October 2011 to September 2012 (pre-intervention period) and every 4 weeks from November 2017 to October 2018 (post-intervention period). Mosquitoes were collected outdoors from 18:00 to 22:00 h and indoors from 18:00 to 06:00 h. Female Anopheles were tested for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and species identification performed using gross dissection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The interventions were associated with a decline in human biting rate from 19.6 to 2.3 female Anopheles mosquitoes per house per night (p < 0.001) and annual entomological inoculation rate from 129 to 0 infective bites per person per year (p < 0.001). The proportion of mosquitoes collected outdoors increased from 11.6 to 49.4% (p < 0.001). Prior to the interventions the predominant species was Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), which comprised an estimated 76.7% of mosquitoes. Following the interventions, the predominant species was Anopheles arabiensis, which comprised 99.5% of mosquitoes, with almost complete elimination of An. gambiae s.s. (0.5%). Conclusions: Mass distribution of LLINs and 6 rounds of IRS dramatically decreased vector density and sporozoite rate resulting in a marked reduction in malaria transmission intensity in a historically high transmission site in Uganda. These changes were accompanied by a shift in vector species from An. gambiae s.s. to An. arabiensis and a relative increase in outdoor biting.
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The combination of LLINs and IRS has proven effective in different parts of Africa, and IRS provides more flexibility in the choice of insecticides against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes than LLINs.
“The combination of LLINs and IRS has proven effective in different parts of Africa, and IRS provides more flexibility in the choice of insecticides against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes than LLINs [6, 7].”
From Characterization and abundance of malaria vectors in Sakassou, Central Côte d'Ivoire (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The Conclusions report that combined LLINs and IRS markedly reduced malaria transmission in one area of Uganda, not in different parts of Africa. The Discussion describes IRS using two insecticide classes, while the Background describes pyrethroid resistance affecting LLINs; these passages are consistent with greater insecticide choice for IRS, but do not explicitly compare the two interventions’ flexibility. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“The combination of LLINs and IRS has proven effective in different parts of Africa, and IRS provides more flexibility in the choice of insecticides against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes than LLINs [6, 7].”
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BERBAGAI METODE INTERVENSI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR MALARIA: NARATIF REVIEW
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Impact of different mosquito collection methods on indicators of Anopheles malaria vectors in UgandaPreprint
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- Authors
- Musiime, A. K., Smith, D. L., Kilama, M., Rek, J., Arinaitwe, E., Nankabirwa, J. I., Kamya, M. R., Conrad, M. D., Dorsey, G., Akol, A. M., Staedke, S. G., Lindsay, S. W., & Egonyu, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (UG)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Makerere University (UG)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (KE)
- Corresponding author
- Musiime, Alex K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 445-445
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6935116
- OpenAlex
- W2998198952
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 10.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as part of the International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) program (U19AI089674)
- Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (D43TW010526)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Keywords
- malaria vector control, long-lasting insecticidal nets, indoor residual spraying, malaria transmission intensity, human biting rate, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis, mosquito species composition, entomological inoculation rate
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Female, Insect Bites and Stings, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Uganda, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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