Emergence and pathogenicity of highly virulent Cryptococcus gattii genotypes in the northwest United States
Open accessAbstract
Cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening disease in otherwise healthy hosts and to a lesser extent in immunocompromised hosts. The highest incidence for this disease is on Vancouver Island, Canada, where an outbreak is expanding into neighboring regions including mainland British Columbia and the United States. This outbreak is caused predominantly by C. gattii molecular type VGII, specifically VGIIa/major. In addition, a novel genotype, VGIIc, has emerged in Oregon and is now a major source of illness in the region. Through molecular epidemiology and population analysis of MLST and VNTR markers, we show that the VGIIc group is clonal and hypothesize it arose recently. The VGIIa/IIc outbreak lineages are sexually fertile and studies support ongoing recombination in the global VGII population. This illustrates two hallmarks of emerging outbreaks: high clonality and the emergence of novel genotypes via recombination. In macrophage and murine infections, the novel VGIIc genotype and VGIIa/major isolates from the United States are highly virulent compared to similar non-outbreak VGIIa/major-related isolates. Combined MLST-VNTR analysis distinguishes clonal expansion of the VGIIa/major outbreak genotype from related but distinguishable less-virulent genotypes isolated from other geographic regions. Our evidence documents emerging hypervirulent genotypes in the United States that may expand further and provides insight into the possible molecular and geographic origins of the outbreak.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
All three VGIIa-like isolates are characterized by diminished virulence relative to the VGIIa clonal outbreak strains.
“All three isolates are characterized by diminished virulence relative to the VGIIa clonal outbreak strains (Fraser et al., 2005; Byrnes et al., 2010; Hagen et al., 2013).”
From Natural mismatch repair mutations mediate phenotypic diversity and drug resistance in Cryptococcus deuterogattii (2017) · cites this paper as Byrnes et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
Altschul, S. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 · Cited by 73,302 · see citing works
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617 · see citing works
A Simple, Fast, and Accurate Algorithm to Estimate Large Phylogenies by Maximum Likelihood
Guindon, S., & Gascuel, O. (2003) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150390235520 · Cited by 16,698 · see citing works
MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment
Kumar, S. (2004) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/5.2.150 · Cited by 11,642 · see citing works
TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies
Clement, M., Posada, D., & Crandall, K. A. (2000) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x · Cited by 9,924 · see citing works
Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences
Benson, G. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.2.573 · Cited by 9,374 · see citing works
Global trends in emerging infectious diseases
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., & Daszak, P. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06536 · Cited by 8,338 · see citing works
Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist
Dereeper, A., Guignon, V., Blanc, G., Audic, S., Buffet, S., Chevenet, F., Dufayard, J.-F., Guindon, S., Lefort, V., Lescot, M., et al. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn180 · Cited by 4,700 · see citing works
Maiden, M. C. J., Bygraves, J. A., Feil, E. J., Morelli, G., Russell, J. E., Urwin, R., Zhang, Q., Zhou, J., Zurth, K., Caugant, D. A., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140 · Cited by 3,838 · see citing works
The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02759 · Cited by 2,107 · see citing works
Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N. P., Pappas, P. G., & Chiller, T. M. (2009) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328322ffac · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Changing patterns of infectious disease
Cohen, M. L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021206 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Kidd, S. E., Hagen, F., Tscharke, R. L., Huynh, M., Bartlett, K. H., Fyfe, M. W., MacDougall, L., Boekhout, T., Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Meyer, W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402981101 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli
Reid, S. D., Herbelin, C. J., Bumbaugh, A. C., Selander, R. K., & Whittam, T. S. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35017546 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak
Fraser, J. A., Giles, S. S., Wenink, E. C., Geunes-Boyer, S. G., Wright, J. R., Diezmann, S., Allen, A., Stajich, J. E., Dietrich, F. S., Perfect, J. R., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04220 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationEPIDEMIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO VARIETIES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS1
Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Bennett, J. E. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Host‐Pathogen Interactions: The Attributes of Virulence
Casadevall, A., & Pirofski, L. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/322044 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme forCryptococcus neoformansandCryptococcus gattii
Meyer, W., Aanensen, D. M., Boekhout, T., Cogliati, M., Diaz, M. R., Esposto, M. C., Fisher, M. C., Gilgado, F., Hagen, F., Kaocharoen, S., et al. (2009) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780902953886 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans
Lin, X., Hull, C. M., & Heitman, J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03448 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphogenesis of Filobasidiella neoformans, the Sexual State of Cryptococcus neoformans
Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1976) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758800 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Grigg, M. E., Bonnefoy, S., Hehl, A. B., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1061888 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Bacterial strain typing in the genomic era
Li, W., Raoult, D., & Fournier, P. (2009) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00182.x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationSpores as Infectious Propagules ofCryptococcus neoformans
Velagapudi, R., Hsueh, Y., Geunes-Boyer, S., Wright, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00542-09 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationKwon-Chung, K. J., Boekhout, T., Fell, J. W., et al. (2002) · Taxon · doi:10.2307/1555045 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Expulsion of Live Pathogenic Yeast by Macrophages
Ma, H., Croudace, J. E., Lammas, D. A., & May, R. C. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.032 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationCryptococcus neoformansvarietygattii
Sorrell, T. C. (2001) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/mmy.39.2.155.168 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Fraser, J. A., Subaran, R. L., Nichols, C. B., & Heitman, J. (2003) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.2.5.1036-1045.2003 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationSpread ofCryptococcus gattiiin British Columbia, Canada, and Detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA
MacDougall, L., Kidd, S. E., Galanis, E., Mak, S., Leslie, M. J., Cieslak, P. R., Kronstad, J. W., Morshed, M. G., & Bartlett, K. H. (2007) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1301.060827 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits.
Perfect, J. R., Lang, S. D. R., & Durack, D. T. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Stephen, C., Lester, S., Black, W. A. P., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Spread of Cryptococcus gattii into Pacific Northwest Region of the United States
Datta, K., Bartlett, K. H., Baer, R. J., Byrnes, E. J., Galanis, E., Heitman, J., Hoang, L., Leslie, M. J., MacDougall, L., Magill, S. S., et al. (2009) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1508.081384 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Species ofFilobasidiella, The Sexual State ofCryptococcus NeoformansB and C Serotypes
Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1976) · Mycologia · doi:10.1080/00275514.1976.12019972 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Kidd, S. E., Chow, Y., Mak, S., Bach, P., Chen, H., Hingston, A. O., Kronstad, J. W., & Bartlett, K. H. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01330-06 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Warnock, D. W. (1999) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/44.1.139 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
James, T. Y., Litvintseva, A. P., Vilgalys, R. J., Morgan, J. A. T., Taylor, J. W., Fisher, M. C., Berger, L., Weldon, C., Preez, L. D., & Longcore, J. E. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000458 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Microbial Pathogens
Heitman, J. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.064 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationElucidating the Pathogenesis of Spores from the Human Fungal PathogenCryptococcus neoformans
Giles, S. S., Dagenais, T. R. T., Botts, M. R., Keller, N. P., & Hull, C. M. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00334-09 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Byrnes, E. J., Bildfell, R. J., Frank, S., Mitchell, T. G., Marr, K. A., & Heitman, J. (2009) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/597306 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationNielsen, K., Obaldia, A. L. D., & Heitman, J. (2007) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00097-07 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, H., Hagen, F., Stekel, D. J., Johnston, S. A., Sionov, E., Falk, R., Polacheck, I., Boekhout, T., & May, R. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902963106 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationBovers, M., Hagen, F., Kuramae, E. E., et al. (2007) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.12.004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Xue, C., Tada, Y., Dong, X., & Heitman, J. (2007) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.05.005 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationPappas, C., Aguilar, P. V., Basler, C. F., Solórzano, A., Zeng, H., Perrone, L. A., Palese, P., García‐Sastre, A., Katz, J. M., & Tumpey, T. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711815105 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cryptococcus gattiiDispersal Mechanisms, British Columbia, Canada
Kidd, S. E., Bach, P., Hingston, A. O., Mak, S., Chow, Y., MacDougall, L., Kronstad, J. W., & Bartlett, K. H. (2007) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1301.060823 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A New Species of Filobasidiella, the Sexual State of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C Serotypes
Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1976) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758813 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Clonality and Recombination in Genetically Differentiated Subgroups of Cryptococcus gattii
Campbell, L. T., Currie, B. J., Krockenberger, M. B., et al. (2005) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.4.8.1403-1409.2005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kidd, S. E., Guo, H., Bartlett, K. H., et al. (2005) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.4.10.1629-1638.2005 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest
Bartlett, K. H., Kidd, S. E., & Kronstad, J. W. (2008) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-008-0011-1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Environmental Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans gattii from California
Pfeiffer, T., & Ellis, D. (1991) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/163.4.929 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
High Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Tropical and Subtropical Regions
Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Bennett, J. E. (1984) · Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A Medizinische Mikrobiologie Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie · doi:10.1016/s0174-3031(84)80074-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cryptococcus gattiiin AIDS Patients, Southern California
Chaturvedi, S., Dyavaiah, M., Larsen, R. A., & Chaturvedi, V. P. (2005) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1111.040875 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenicity of basidiospores of Filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans
Sukroongreung, S., KITINIYOM, K., Nilakul, C., et al. (1998) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-280x.1998.00181.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in a Novel Environment Provides Clues to Its Incubation Period
MacDougall, L., & Fyfe, M. W. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.44.5.1851-1852.2006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sexual recombination and clonal evolution of virulence in Toxoplasma
Grigg, M. E., & Suzuki, Y. (2003) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00088-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fisher, M. C., Koenig, G. L., White, T. J., & Taylor, J. W. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.38.2.807-813.2000 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Pathogenicity of basidiospores ofFilobasidiella neoformansvar.neoformans
Sukroongreung, S., KITINIYOM, K., Nilakul, C., et al. (1998) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/02681219880000661 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Saul, N., Krockenberger, M. B., & Carter, D. A. (2008) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00020-08 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationByrnes, E. J., Li, W., Lewit, Y., Perfect, J. R., Carter, D. A., Cox, G. M., & Heitman, J. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005851 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationUpton, A., Fraser, J. A., Kidd, S. E., Bretz, C., Bartlett, K. H., Heitman, J., & Marr, K. A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00593-07 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationCampbell, L. T., Fraser, J. A., Nichols, C. B., et al. (2005) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.4.8.1410-1419.2005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Miller, W. G., Padhye, A. A., Bonn, W. G. V., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.40.2.721-724.2002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cryptococcus gattii in Wildlife of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Duncan, C., Schwantje, H. M., Stephen, C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.175 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Perfect, J. R. (1989) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30248-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Xu, J., Yan, Z., & Guo, H. (2009) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04227.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cryptococcus gattiiRisk for Tourists Visiting Vancouver Island, Canada
Lindberg, J. Å., Hagen, F., Laursen, A. L., et al. (2007) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1301.060945 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Carter, D. A., Taylor, J. W., DeChairo, B. M., et al. (2001) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1006/fgbi.2001.1283 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationCryptococcus gattii outbreak expands into the Northwestern United States with fatal consequences
Byrnes, E. J., & Heitman, J. (2009) · F1000 Biology Reports · doi:10.3410/b1-62 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationGenotyping of MexicanCryptococcus neoformansandC. gattiiisolates by PCR-fingerprinting
Olivares, L. R. C., Martínez, K. M., Cruz, R. M. B., et al. (2009) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.3109/13693780802559031 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hagen, F., van Assen, S., Luijckx, G. J., et al. (2010) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.3109/13693780903300319 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Perfect, J. R. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Byrnes, E. J., Bildfell, R. J., Dearing, P. L., Valentine, B. A., & Heitman, J. (2009) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/104063870902100122 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLooking for sex in the fungal pathogensCryptococcus neoformansandCryptococcus gattii
Campbell, L. T., & Carter, D. A. (2006) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00087.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenicity of the basidiospores of Filobasidiella neoformans
Zimmer, B. A., Hempel, H. O., & Goodman, N. L. (1984) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/bf00440944 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Promiscuous mitochondria inCryptococcus gattii
Bovers, M., Hagen, F., Kuramae, E. E., et al. (2009) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00494.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Blankenship, J. R., Singh, N., Alexander, B. D., & Heitman, J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.1.464-467.2005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSelection of Optimal Host Strain for Molecular Pathogenesis Studies on Cryptococcus gattii
Chaturvedi, S., Ren, P., Narasipura, S. D., & Chaturvedi, V. P. (2005) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/s11046-005-0162-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenicity of the hyphae of Filobasidiella neoformans
Zimmer, B. A., Hempel, H. O., & Goodman, N. L. (1983) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/bf00436987 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genotyping of Mexican Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii isolates by PCR-fingerprinting
Olivares, L. R. C., Martínez, K. M., Cruz, R. M. B., et al. (2009) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780802559031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [21]Sorrell TC 2001 Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 39 155 168 11346263
- [28]Meyer W Aanensen DM Boekhout T Cogliati M Diaz MR 2009 Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Med Mycol 47 561 570 19462334 PMC2884100
- [49]Carter D Saul N Campbell LT Tien B Krockenberger M 2007 Sex in natural populations of C. gattii. Sex in Fungi: Molecular determination and evolutionary implications. Heitman J Kronstad JW Taylor J Casselton L ASM Press 477 488
- [55]Carter D Campbell LT Saul N Krockenberger M 2010 Sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus gattii: a papulation genetics perspective. Heitman J T. K Kwon-Chung J Perfect JR Casadevall A Cryptococcus: ASM Press
- [64]Bovers M Hagen F Kuramae EE Boekhout T 2009 Promiscuous mitochondria in Cryptococcus gattii. FEMS Yeast Res 9 489 503 19281475
- [66]Campbell LT Carter DA 2006 Looking for sex in the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. FEMS Yeast Res 6 588 598 16696654
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections
Brown, G. D., Denning, D. W., Gow, N. A. R., Levitz, S. M., Netea, M. G., & White, T. C. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404 · Cited by 4,284 · see citing works
Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health
Fisher, M. C., Henk, D. A., Briggs, C. J., Brownstein, J. S., Madoff, L. C., McCraw, S. L., & Gurr, S. J. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10947 · Cited by 3,310 · see citing works
Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease.
Shapiro, R. S., Robbins, N., & Cowen, L. E. (2011) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00045-10 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis
Kwon-Chung, K. J., Fraser, J. A., Doering, T. L., Wang, Z. A., Janbon, G., Idnurm, A., & Bahn, Y.-S. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019760 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans
Kohler, J. R., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019273 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Antifungal Drugs: The Current Armamentarium and Development of New Agents
Robbins, N., Wright, G. D., & Cowen, L. E. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0002-2016 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Shingu-Vazquez, M., & Traven, A. (2011) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.05184-11 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Ancient dispersal of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii from the Amazon rainforest
Hagen, F., Ceresini, P. C., Polacheck, I., Ma, H., Nieuwerburgh, F. V., Gabaldón, T., Kagan, S., Pursall, E. R., Hoogveld, H. L., van Iersel, L. J. J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071148 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent hosts
D’Souza, C. A., Kronstad, J. W., Taylor, G., Warren, R., Yuen, M., Hu, G., Jung, W. H., Sham, A., Kidd, S. E., Tangen, K., et al. (2011) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00342-10 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationKrishnan, A., Almén, M. S., Fredriksson, R., & Schiöth, H. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029817 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Global analysis of mutations driving microevolution of a heterozygous diploid fungal pathogen
Ene, I. V., Farrer, R. A., Hirakawa, M. P., Agwamba, K., Cuomo, C. A., & Bennett, R. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806002115 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Jung, W. H., Saikia, S., Hu, G., Wang, J., Fung, C. K.-Y., D'Souza, C., White, R., & Kronstad, J. W. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001209 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis
Liu, T.-B., Perlin, D. S., & Xue, C. (2012) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.18685 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Engelthaler, D. M., Hicks, N. D., Gillece, J. D., Roe, C. C., Schupp, J. M., Driebe, E. M., Gilgado, F., Carriconde, F., Trilles, L., Firacative, C., et al. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01464-14 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationCryptococcus neoformans can form titan-like cells in vitro in response to multiple signals
Trevijano-Contador, N., de Oliveira, H. C., García-Rodas, R., Rossi, S. A., Llorente, I., Zaballos, Á., Janbon, G., Ariño, J., & Zaragoza, Ó. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
High Throughput Sequencing for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
Sekse, C., Holst-Jensen, A., Dobrindt, U., Johannessen, G. S., Li, W., Spilsberg, B., & Shi, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02029 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationGrahl, N., Dinamarco, T. M., Willger, S. D., Goldman, G. H., & Cramer, R. A. (2012) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08034.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Specht, C. A., Lee, C. K., Huang, H., Hester, M. M., Liu, J., Luckie, B. A., Torres Santana, M. A., Mirza, Z., Khoshkenar, P., Abraham, A., et al. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01872-17 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Billmyre, R. B., Croll, D., Li, W., Mieczkowski, P., Carter, D. A., Cuomo, C. A., Kronstad, J. W., & Heitman, J. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01494-14 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationBillmyre, R. B., Clancey, S. A., & Heitman, J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28802 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAn encapsulation of iron homeostasis and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans
Kronstad, J. W., Hu, G., & Jung, W. H. (2013) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Vu, K., Eigenheer, R. A., Phinney, B. S., & Gelli, A. (2013) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00554-13 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Verma, S., Shakya, V. P. S., & Idnurm, A. (2018) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2017.1414133 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Escape and Dissemination by Cryptococcus neoformans
Denham, S., & Brown, J. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4010025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Vincent, B. M., Langlois, J.-B., Srinivas, R., Lancaster, A. K., Scherz-Shouval, R., Whitesell, L., Tidor, B., Buchwald, S. L., & Lindquist, S. (2016) · Cell Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.06.016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Robbins, N., Spitzer, M., Wang, W., Waglechner, N., Patel, D. J., O’Brien, J. S., Ejim, L., Ejim, O., Tyers, M., & Wright, G. D. (2016) · Cell Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.08.015 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sabiiti, W., & May, R. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035455 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Byrnes, E. J., Li, W., Lewit, Y., Ma, H., Voelz, K., Ren, P., Carter, D. A., Chaturvedi, V., Bildfell, R. J., May, R. C., & Heitman, J.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Wadsworth Center (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heitman, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-04-22
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e1000850
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- PMC
- PMC2858702
- OpenAlex
- W2065557130
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 28.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Broad Institute
- National Institutes of Health (R01‐grant, AI39115)
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37AI039115, R01 AI39115, R01AI039115)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- Cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcal meningitis, molecular epidemiology, multilocus sequence typing, VNTR markers, clonal expansion, recombination, emerging fungal pathogens, macrophage infection, Northwest United States
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cryptococcosis, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Genotype, Humans, Mitochondria, Northwestern United States, Cluster Analysis, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Molecular Epidemiology, Mice, Cryptococcus gattii
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
